Symmetric-Type Multi-Step Difference Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations

• Published in: Symmetry (Basel) 2024-03, Vol.16 (3), p.330
• Main Authors: Argyros, Ioannis K., Shakhno, Stepan, Regmi, Samundra, Yarmola, Halyna, Argyros, Michael I.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Banach spaces; Convergence; divided difference; Euclidean geometry; Freezing; Fréchet derivative; iterative method; Iterative methods; Linear operators; Mathematical analysis; Methods; Nonlinear equations; Operators (mathematics); Sequences; Taylor expansion series; Taylor series; Telematics
• ISSN: 2073-8994; 2073-8994
• DOI: 10.3390/sym16030330

Symmetric-type methods (STM) without derivatives have been used extensively to solve nonlinear equations in various spaces. In particular, multi-step STMs of a higher order of convergence are very useful. By freezing the divided differences in the methods and using a weight operator a method is generated using m steps (m a natural number) of convergence order 2 m. This method avoids a large increase in the number of operator evaluations. However, there are several problems with the conditions used to show the convergence: the existence of high order derivatives is assumed, which are not in the method; there are no a priori results for the error distances or information on the uniqueness of the solutions. Therefore, the earlier studies cannot guarantee the convergence of the method to solve nondifferentiable equations. However, the method may converge to the solution. Thus, the convergence conditions can be weakened. These problems arise since the convergence order is determined using the Taylor series which requires the existence of high-order derivatives which are not present in the method, and they may not even exist. These concerns are our motivation for authoring this article. Moreover, the novelty of this article is that all the aforementioned problems are addressed positively, and by using conditions only related to the divided differences in the method. Furthermore, a more challenging and important semi-local analysis of convergence is presented utilizing majorizing sequences in combination with the concept of the generalized continuity of the divided difference involved. The convergence is also extended from the Euclidean to the Banach space. We have chosen to demonstrate our technique in the present method. But it can be used in other studies using the Taylor series to show the convergence of the method. The applicability of other single- or multi-step methods using the inverses of linear operators with or without derivatives can also be extended with the same methodology along the same lines. Several examples are provided to test the theoretical results and validate the performance of the method.