Sex–Gender Differences in Adult Coeliac Disease at Diagnosis and Gluten-Free-Diet Follow-Up

Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion. At CD diagnosis, gender differences have been previously reported, but data regarding follow-up are scant. We investigated gender differences in CD adult patients both at the time of diagnosis and at follow-up afte...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nutrients 2022-08, Vol.14 (15), p.3192
Main Authors: Galli, Gloria, Amici, Giulia, Conti, Laura, Lahner, Edith, Annibale, Bruno, Carabotti, Marilia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adults
Anemia
Antibodies
Biomedical materials
Biopsy
Body mass
Body mass index
Body size
Celiac disease
coeliac disease
Constipation
Diagnosis
Dyspepsia
Endoscopy
Females
Gastroesophageal reflux
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Gender
Gender differences
Gluten
Ingestion
Malabsorption
Males
Nausea
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Patients
Questionnaires
Serology
Sex differences
small intestine
Special diets
Triglycerides
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Summary:Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion. At CD diagnosis, gender differences have been previously reported, but data regarding follow-up are scant. We investigated gender differences in CD adult patients both at the time of diagnosis and at follow-up after the start of the gluten-free diet (GFD). This is a longitudinal cohort study on adult CD patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2019. Clinical, biochemical, and histological data were assessed and compared between males and females. At diagnosis, female gender was significantly associated with signs of malabsorption (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.4–7.9), longer duration of symptoms and/or signs before the diagnosis (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.5–7.5), heartburn (OR 2.99; 95% CI: 1.1–8.0), dyspepsia (OR 2.70; 95% CI: 1.1–6.5), nausea/vomit (OR 3.53; 95% CI: 1.1–10.9), and constipation (OR 4.84; 95% CI: 1.2–19.6) and less frequently associated to higher body mass index (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.8–0.9) and osteopenia/osteoporosis (OR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) compared to male patients. After 12–30 months, females presented lower median BMI, performed less frequently histological control, and had more frequently anaemia and hypoferritinaemia compared to males. No significant differences concerning the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, adherence to GFD, and Marsh score were found. Gender differences found at CD diagnosis mostly disappear at the follow-up, showing that these differences can be solved over time.
ISSN:2072-6643
2072-6643
DOI:10.3390/nu14153192