Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia

SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has a brain neurotropism through binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed by neurones and glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Systemic infection which accompanies severe cases of COVID-19...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 2020-11, Vol.14, p.592214-15
Main Authors: Tremblay, Marie-Eve, Madore, Charlotte, Bordeleau, Maude, Tian, Li, Verkhratsky, Alexei
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
ACE2
ageing
Aging
Angiotensin
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
astrocyte
Astrocytes
Autoimmunity
Blood-brain barrier
Brain
Cellular Neuroscience
Chemokines
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Disseminated infection
Encephalitis
Enzymes
Fetuses
Glial cells
Homeostasis
immunity
Infections
Inflammation
Innate immunity
Interleukins
Life Sciences
Microglia
Nervous system
Neuronal-glial interactions
Pandemics
Parenchyma
Peptidyl-dipeptidase A
Permeability
Physiology
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Swine flu
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Summary:SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has a brain neurotropism through binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed by neurones and glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Systemic infection which accompanies severe cases of COVID-19 also triggers substantial increase in circulating levels of chemokines and interleukins that compromise the blood-brain barrier, enter the brain parenchyma and affect its defensive systems, astrocytes and microglia. Brain areas devoid of a blood-brain barrier such as the circumventricular organs are particularly vulnerable to circulating inflammatory mediators. The performance of astrocytes and microglia, as well as of immune cells required for brain health, is considered critical in defining the neurological damage and neurological outcome of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, the implication of neuroinflammation, adaptive and innate immunity, autoimmunity, as well as astrocytic and microglial immune and homeostatic functions in the neurological and psychiatric aspects of COVID-19. The consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ageing, in the presence of systemic comorbidities, and for the exposed pregnant mother and foetus are also covered.
ISSN:1662-5102
1662-5102
DOI:10.3389/fncel.2020.592214