Two Faces of Macrophages: Training and Tolerance

Macrophages are present in almost all body tissues. They detect and quickly respond to “environmental signals” in the tissue. Macrophages have been associated with numerous beneficial roles, such as host defense, wound healing, and tissue regeneration; however, they have also been linked to the deve...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biomedicines 2021-11, Vol.9 (11), p.1596
Main Authors: Zubair, Kiran, You, Chaelin, Kwon, Geunho, Kang, Kyuho
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antigens
Autoimmune diseases
Bone marrow
Cytokines
Epigenetics
Gene expression
Genotype & phenotype
Immunological tolerance
Inflammatory diseases
innate immune memory
Macrophages
Metabolic pathways
Metabolism
Metabolites
Microenvironments
Molecular modelling
Pathogenesis
Pathogens
Review
tolerance
trained immunity
Transcription factors
Wound healing
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Summary:Macrophages are present in almost all body tissues. They detect and quickly respond to “environmental signals” in the tissue. Macrophages have been associated with numerous beneficial roles, such as host defense, wound healing, and tissue regeneration; however, they have also been linked to the development of diverse illnesses, particularly cancers and autoimmune disorders. Complex signaling, epigenetic, and metabolic pathways drive macrophage training and tolerance. The induced intracellular program differs depending on the type of initial stimuli and the tissue microenvironment. Due to the essential roles of macrophages in homeostatic and their association with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, recent studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of macrophage training and tolerance. This review discusses the role of factors involved in macrophage training and tolerance, along with the current studies in human diseases.
ISSN:2227-9059
2227-9059
DOI:10.3390/biomedicines9111596