xLength: Predicting Expected Ski Jump Length Shortly after Take-Off Using Deep Learning

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-11, Vol.22 (21), p.8474
• Main Authors: Link, Johannes, Schwinn, Leo, Pulsmeyer, Falk, Kautz, Thomas, Eskofier, Bjoern M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Athletes; Australian football; Cameras; Datasets; Deep learning; Global positioning systems; GPS; inertial measurement unit; Neural networks; performance analysis; performance prediction; Sensors; Ski jumping; Skis; Soccer; Sports; sports analytics; Takeoff; Television broadcasting; ultra-wideband; Volleyball; wearable sensors
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s22218474

With tracking systems becoming more widespread in sports research and regular training and competitions, more data are available for sports analytics and performance prediction. We analyzed 2523 ski jumps from 205 athletes on five venues. For every jump, the dataset includes the 3D trajectory, 3D velocity, skis’ orientation, and metadata such as wind, starting gate, and ski jumping hill data. Using this dataset, we aimed to predict the expected jump length (xLength) inspired by the expected goals metric in soccer (xG). We evaluate the performance of a fully connected neural network, a convolutional neural network (CNN), a long short-term memory (LSTM), and a ResNet architecture to estimate the xLength. For the prediction of the jump length one second after take-off, we achieve a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.3 m for the generalization to new athletes and an MAE of 5.9 m for the generalization to new ski jumping hills using ResNet architectures. Additionally, we investigated the influence of the input time after the take-off on the predictions’ accuracy. As expected, the MAE becomes smaller with longer inputs. Due to the real-time transmission of the sensor’s data, xLength can be updated during the flight phase and used in live TV broadcasting. xLength could also be used as an analysis tool for experts to quantify the quality of the take-off and flight phases.