Comparative Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle Addition and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Properties and Hardness of Additively Fabricated Denture Base Resins

• Published in: Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-12, Vol.13 (23), p.3061
• Main Authors: AlGhamdi, Maram A., Fouda, Shaimaa M., Taymour, Noha, Akhtar, Sultan, Khan, Soban Q., Ali, Mohamed S., Elakel, Ahmed M., Nassar, Essam A., Gad, Mohammed M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3-D printers; 3D printing; Accuracy; Aging (artificial); Antimicrobial agents; Biocompatibility; CAM; Composite materials; Computer aided manufacturing; Curing; Data analysis; Dental materials; Dental restorative materials; Dentures; Diamond pyramid hardness tests; Ductile fracture; Flexural strength; Fracture surfaces; Hardness; Hypotheses; Lasers; Mechanical properties; mechanical testing; Modulus of elasticity; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Polymers; post-curing time; Prostheses; Resins; Scanning electron microscopy; Subgroups; Surface analysis (chemical); Thermal cycling; Three dimensional printing; Time dependence; Titanium dioxide; Toxicity; Variance analysis
• ISSN: 2079-4991; 2079-4991
• DOI: 10.3390/nano13233061

Three-dimensionally (3D)-printed fabricated denture bases have shown inferior strength to conventional and subtractively fabricated ones. Several factors could significantly improve the strength of 3D-printed denture base resin, including the addition of nanoparticles and post-curing factors. This study evaluated the effect of TiO2 nanoparticle (TNP) addition and the post-curing time (PCT) on the flexural properties and hardness of three-dimensionally (3D)-printed denture base resins. A total of 360 specimens were fabricated, with 180 specimens from each type of resin. For evaluating the flexural properties, bar-shaped specimens measuring 64 × 10 × 3.3 mm were used, while, for the hardness testing, disc-shaped specimens measuring 15 × 2 mm were employed. The two 3D-printed resins utilized in this study were Asiga (DentaBASE) and NextDent (Vertex Dental B.V). Each resin was modified by adding TNPs at 1% and 2% concentrations, forming two groups and an additional unmodified group. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the PCT (15, 60, and 90 min). All the specimens were subjected to artificial aging (5000 cycles), followed by testing of the flexural strength and elastic modulus using a universal testing machine, and the hardness using the Vickers hardness test. A three-way ANOVA was used for the data analysis, and a post hoc Tukey’s test was used for the pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the fracture surface analysis. The addition of the TNPs increased the flexural strength in comparison to the unmodified groups (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the elastic modulus and hardness with the 1% TNP concentration. Among the TNP groups, the 2% TNP concentration significantly decreased the elastic modulus and hardness (p < 0.001). The SEM showed a homogenous distribution of the TNPs, and the more irregular fracture surface displayed ductile fractures. The PCT significantly increased the flexural strength, elastic modulus, and hardness (p < 0.001), and this increase was time-dependent. The three-way ANOVA results revealed a significant difference between the material types, TNP concentrations, and PCT interactions (p < 0.001). Both concentrations of the TNPs increased the flexural strength, while the 2% TNP concentration decreased the elastic modulus and hardness of the 3D-printed nanocomposites. The flexural strength and hardness increased as the PCT increased. The material typ