A Novel Indicator Based on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel and Bromocresol Green for Monitoring the Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen of Fish

An intelligent indicator was developed by immobilizing bromocresol green (BCG) within the polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel matrix to monitor the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of fish. The FTIR analysis indicated that BCG was effectively incorporated into the PAAm through the formation...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Foods 2023-10, Vol.12 (21), p.3964
Main Authors: Zhang, Zhepeng, Tang, Haiqing, Cai, Keyan, Liang, Ruiping, Tong, Li, Ou, Changrong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acrylamide
BCG
BCG vaccines
bromocresol green
Color
colorimetric indicator
Ethanol
Ethylene
Fish
Food
Humidity
Hydrogels
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen sulfide
intelligent packaging
Metabolites
Nitrogen
Pigments
Polyacrylamide
polyacrylamide hydrogel
Potassium
Sodium
Spectrum analysis
Thermal stability
Thermogravimetric analysis
Trimethylamine
TVB-N
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Summary:An intelligent indicator was developed by immobilizing bromocresol green (BCG) within the polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel matrix to monitor the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of fish. The FTIR analysis indicated that BCG was effectively incorporated into the PAAm through the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the PAAm/BCG indicator had a mere 0.0074% acrylamide monomer residue, meanwhile, the addition of BCG improved the thermal stability of the indicator. In vapor tests with various concentrations of trimethylamine, the indicator performed similarly at both 4 °C and 25 °C. The total color difference values (ΔE) exhibited a significant linear response to TVB-N levels ranging from 4.29 to 30.80 mg/100 g at 4 °C (R2 = 0.98). Therefore, the PAAm/BCG indicator demonstrated stable and sensitive color changes based on pH variations and could be employed in smart packaging for real-time assessment of fish freshness.
ISSN:2304-8158
2304-8158
DOI:10.3390/foods12213964