Advances in Spinal Cord Stimulation

Neuromodulation, specifically spinal cord stimulation (SCS), has become a staple of chronic pain management for various conditions including failed back syndrome, chronic regional pain syndrome, refractory radiculopathy, and chronic post operative pain. Since its conceptualization, it has undergone...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Bioengineering (Basel) 2023-02, Vol.10 (2), p.185
Main Authors: Lam, Christopher M, Latif, Usman, Sack, Andrew, Govindan, Susheel, Sanderson, Miles, Vu, Dan T, Smith, Gabriella, Sayed, Dawood, Khan, Talal
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angina pectoris
artificial skin
Back pain
Bioengineering
Care and treatment
Chronic pain
Closed loops
Control theory
Diabetic neuropathy
Electrical stimuli
Electrodes
Epidural
Feedback control
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Narcotics
Neuromodulation
Pain
Review
Spinal cord
spinal cord injury
spinal cord stimulation
Stimulation
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation-TENS
Waveforms
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Summary:Neuromodulation, specifically spinal cord stimulation (SCS), has become a staple of chronic pain management for various conditions including failed back syndrome, chronic regional pain syndrome, refractory radiculopathy, and chronic post operative pain. Since its conceptualization, it has undergone several advances to increase safety and convenience for patients and implanting physicians. Current research and efforts are aimed towards novel programming modalities and modifications of existing hardware. Here we review the recent advances and future directions in spinal cord stimulation including a brief review of the history of SCS, SCS waveforms, new materials for SCS electrodes (including artificial skins, new materials, and injectable electrodes), closed loop systems, and neurorestorative devices.
ISSN:2306-5354
2306-5354
DOI:10.3390/bioengineering10020185