Regional patterns and drivers of modelled water flows along environmental, functional, and stand structure gradients in Spanish forests

• Published in: Hydrology and earth system sciences 2024-07, Vol.28 (13), p.3037-3050
• Main Authors: Sánchez-Dávila, Jesús, De Cáceres, Miquel, Vayreda, Jordi, Retana, Javier
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Automobile drivers; Autumn; Climate effects; Climate prediction; Cold; Coniferous forests; Deciduous forests; Deciduous trees; Drought; Environmental aspects; Forest reserves; Forests; Functional groups; Hydrologic cycle; Hydrologic models; Hydrological cycle; Inventories; Leaf area; Leaf area index; Leaf fall; Leaves; National forests; Phenology; Precipitation; Rain; Seasonal variations; Simulation; Stand structure; Summer; Temperature; Variables; Vegetation; Water; Water balance; Water balance (Hydrology); Water demand; Water flow; Winter
• ISSN: 1607-7938; 1027-5606; 1607-7938
• DOI: 10.5194/hess-28-3037-2024

The study of the water cycle in the forest at large scales, such as countries, is challenging due to the difficulty of correctly estimating forest water flows. Hydrological models can be coupled with extensive forest data sources, such as national forest inventories, to estimate the water flow of forests over large extents, but so far the studies conducted have not analysed the role of stand structure variables or the functional traits of the forest on predicted blue and green water flows in detail. In this study, we modelled the water balance of Spanish forests using stand structure and species data from forest inventories to understand the effects of climate, stand structure, and functional groups on blue water flows. We calculated blue water and green water flows and expressed them relative to received precipitation. Relative blue water flow was mainly concentrated in the wetter regions (Atlantic and alpine biomes) of Spain (around 25 %) in comparison with the Mediterranean biomes (10 %–20 %) and during the autumn–winter season. The leaf area index (LAI) of the forest stand is the most important predictor of relative blue water, exhibiting a negative effect until it reaches a plateau at higher levels (around 2.5–3). Deciduous forests showed a greater relative blue water flow than evergreen functional groups (25 %–35 % and 10 %–25 %, respectively) primarily due to leaf fall during the autumn–winter season. This study highlights how green water is decoupled from blue water; namely, blue water depends on winter and autumn precipitation, while green water depends on the spring and summer water demand and how the species' functional traits (deciduous vs. evergreen) can influence blue water production.