Binding Energy Referencing for XPS in Alkali Metal-Based Battery Materials Research (II): Application to Complex Composite Electrodes

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a key method for studying (electro-)chemical changes in metal-ion battery electrode materials. In a recent publication, we pointed out a conflict in binding energy (BE) scale referencing at alkali metal samples, which is manifested in systematic deviations o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Batteries (Basel) 2018-08, Vol.4 (3), p.36
Main Authors: Oswald, Steffen, Thoss, Franziska, Zier, Martin, Hoffmann, Martin, Jaumann, Tony, Herklotz, Markus, Nikolowski, Kristian, Scheiba, Frieder, Kohl, Michael, Giebeler, Lars, Mikhailova, Daria, Ehrenberg, Helmut
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aliphatic compounds
Alkali metals
Batteries
battery application
Binding energy
Carbon
Electrode materials
Electrodes
Electrolytes
Energy
energy reference
Graphite
Lithium
Materials research
Organic chemistry
Rare gases
sodium
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XPS
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Summary:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a key method for studying (electro-)chemical changes in metal-ion battery electrode materials. In a recent publication, we pointed out a conflict in binding energy (BE) scale referencing at alkali metal samples, which is manifested in systematic deviations of the BEs up to several eV due to a specific interaction between the highly reactive alkali metal in contact with non-conducting surrounding species. The consequences of this phenomenon for XPS data interpretation are discussed in the present manuscript. Investigations of phenomena at surface-electrolyte interphase regions for a wide range of materials for both lithium and sodium-based applications are explained, ranging from oxide-based cathode materials via alloys and carbon-based anodes including appropriate reference chemicals. Depending on material class and alkaline content, specific solutions are proposed for choosing the correct reference BE to accurately define the BE scale. In conclusion, the different approaches for the use of reference elements, such as aliphatic carbon, implanted noble gas or surface metals, partially lack practicability and can lead to misinterpretation for application in battery materials. Thus, this manuscript provides exemplary alternative solutions.
ISSN:2313-0105
2313-0105
DOI:10.3390/batteries4030036