Kinetics of Zn–C Battery Leaching with Choline Chloride/Urea Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

• Published in: Recycling (Basel) 2022-11, Vol.7 (6), p.86
• Main Authors: Cruz-Reyes, Irlanda G, Mendoza-Pérez, Jorge A, Ruiz-Guerrero, Rosario, Medina-Velázquez, Dulce Y, Zepeda-Vallejo, Luis G, Morales-Ramírez, Ángel de J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Batteries; battery recycling; Boundary layers; Carbon; Chloride; Chlorides; Choline; Environmental aspects; Experiments; Green chemistry; Hydrogen bonds; Kinetics; Leaching; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Manganese; Materials recovery; Metal oxides; Metals; Mn leaching; natural deep eutectic solvents; NMR; NMR spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oxides; Shrinking core model; shrinking core model kinetics; Solvents; Urea; Waste management; Zinc; Zinc compounds; Zinc oxides; Zn leaching
• ISSN: 2313-4321; 2313-4321
• DOI: 10.3390/recycling7060086

A choline chloride/urea natural deep eutectic solvent (ChCl NADES) was prepared via a green chemistry method and used to leach Zn and Mn oxides from conventional Zn–C scrap batteries. FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the NADES. The leaching kinetics of the Zn and Mn oxides was monitored at isothermal conditions (80, 100, 125, and 150 °C) and at two solid/NADES ratios: 3.3 and 10 g dm−3. It was possible to dissolve Zn and Mn oxides under all of tested conditions, reaching more than a 95% recovery for both metals at 150 °C after 90 min, whereas, at 25 °C, it was possible to leach up to 90% of the Zn and 30% of the Mn after 4320 min (72 h). Furthermore, the leaching kinetics was controlled by the boundary layer, coincident with a shrinking core model. According to the Arrhenius plot, the activation energy for Zn ranges from 49.13 to 52.21 kJ mol−1, and that for Mn ranges from 46.97 to 66.77 kJ mol−1.