Towards a Greener Approach for Biomass Valorization: Integration of Supercritical Fluid and Deep Eutectic Solvents

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) 2023-06, Vol.12 (6), p.1031
• Main Authors: Vladić, Jelena, Jakovljević Kovač, Martina, Pavić, Valentina, Jokić, Stela, Simić, Siniša, Paiva, Alexandre, Jerković, Igor, Duarte, Ana Rita
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: antibacterial activity; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; antioxidant activity; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Betaine; Carbon dioxide; deep eutectic solvent; Ethanol; Ethylene glycol; Glycerol; Gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria; Herbal medicine; Lavandula stoechas; Monoterpenes; Polyphenols; Product development; Rutin; Solvent wastes; Solvents; supercritical CO2; Supercritical fluids; Sustainable development; Ultrasonic testing; Ultrasound
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061031

A green and sustainable procedure for obtaining extracts with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was investigated. Green solvents, supercritical CO , and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) together with ultrasound-assisted extraction were used for the sequential extraction of terpene and polyphenols fractions. After the CO extraction of the terpene fraction, the residue material was used in an extraction with different NADES (betaine-ethylene glycol (Bet:EG), betaine-glycerol (Bet:Gly), and glycerol-glucose (Gly:Glu)), intensified with an ultrasound-assisted method (at 30 and 60 °C). In the CO extract, the major group of components belonged to oxygenated monoterpenes, while the highest polyphenol content with the dominant rutin (438.93 ± 4.60 µg/mL) was determined in Bet:EG extracts (60 °C). Bet:EG extracts also exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity according to DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Moreover, Bet:EG extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory activity of 0.781-3.125 and 1.563-6.250 mg·mL , respectively. By comparing the polyphenolic content and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bet:EG extracts with extracts obtained with conventional solvents (water and ethanol), the superiority of NADES was determined. The established environmentally friendly procedure unifies the requirements of green and sustainable development and modern pharmacognosy because it combines the use of safe alternative solvents, the absence of solvent waste generation, more rational use of resources, and the attainment of safe and quality extracts.