Fluid face but not gender: Enfacement illusion through digital face filters does not affect gender identity

• Published in: PloS one 2024-04, Vol.19 (4), p.e0295342-e0295342
• Main Authors: Provenzano, Luca, Gohlke, Hanna, Saetta, Gianluca, Bufalari, Ilaria, Lenggenhager, Bigna, Lesur, Marte Roel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biology and Life Sciences; Computer software industry; Evaluation; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Illusions; Male; Medical research; Medicine and Health Sciences; Medicine, Experimental; Methods; Research and Analysis Methods; Self Concept; Social Sciences; Technology application; Touch; Touch Perception
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295342

It has been shown that observing a face being touched or moving in synchrony with our own face increases self-identification with the former which might alter both cognitive and affective processes. The induction of this phenomenon, termed enfacement illusion, has often relied on laboratory tools that are unavailable to a large audience. However, digital face filters applications are nowadays regularly used and might provide an interesting tool to study similar mechanisms in a wider population. Digital filters are able to render our faces in real time while changing important facial features, for example, rendering them more masculine or feminine according to normative standards. Recent literature using full-body illusions has shown that participants' own gender identity shifts when embodying a different gendered avatar. Here we studied whether participants' filtered faces, observed while moving in synchrony with their own face, may induce an enfacement illusion and if so, modulate their gender identity. We collected data from 35 female and 33 male participants who observed a stereotypically gender mismatched version of themselves either moving synchronously or asynchronously with their own face on a screen. Our findings showed a successful induction of the enfacement illusion in the synchronous condition according to a questionnaire addressing the feelings of ownership, agency and perceived similarity. However, we found no evidence of gender identity being modulated, neither in explicit nor in implicit measures of gender identification. We discuss the distinction between full-body and facial processing and the relevance of studying widely accessible devices that may impact the sense of a bodily self and our cognition, emotion and behaviour.