Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Mediators in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Stem Extract of Alternanthera sessilis via the Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway

• Published in: Journal of immunology research 2018-01, Vol.2018 (2018), p.1-12
• Main Authors: Norhaizan, Mohd Esa, Kumar, S. Suresh, Badran, Khaleel M. H., Gothai, Sivapragasam, Muniandy, Katyakyini, Arulselvan, Palanisamy
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acids; Alternanthera sessilis; Amaranthaceae - immunology; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology; Arthritis; Autoimmune diseases; Cardiovascular diseases; Cell activation; Chromatography; Complications; Cyclooxygenase-2; Cytokines; Cytokines - metabolism; Dinoprostone - metabolism; Enzymes; Herbal medicine; Immune system; Immunology; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism; Innate immunity; Intensive care; Interleukin 6; Kinases; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - immunology; Lymphocytes B; Macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; Macrophages - immunology; Mice; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; Nitric-oxide synthase; Nuclear transport; Pharmaceutical industry; Phosphorylation; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Plant Stems; Prostaglandin E2; Proteins; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sepsis; Signal Transduction; Toxicology; Transcription factors; Translocation; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Wound healing
• ISSN: 2314-8861; 2314-7156
• DOI: 10.1155/2018/3430684

Alternanthera sessilis, an edible succulent herb, has been widely used as herbal drug in many regions around the globe. Inflammation is a natural process of the innate immune system, accompanied with the increase in the level of proinflammatory mediators, for example, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2); cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit p65 due to the phosphorylation of inhibitory protein, IκBα. Inflammation over a short period of time is essential for its therapeutic effect. However, prolonged inflammation can be detrimental as it is related to many chronic diseases such as delayed wound healing, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, ways to curb chronic inflammation have been extensively investigated. In line with that, in this present study, we attempted to study the suppression activity of the proinflammatory cytokines and mediators as a characteristic of anti-inflammatory action, by using stem extract of A. sessilis in the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The results showed that the extract has significantly inhibited the production of the proinflammatory mediators including NO and PGE2; cytokines comprising IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα; and enzymes covering the iNOS and COX-2 by preventing the IκBα from being degraded, to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 in order to hinder the inflammatory pathway activation. These results indicated that the stem extract of A. sessilis could be an effective candidate for ameliorating inflammatory-associated complications.