Atmosphere-Transported Emerging and Persistent Contaminants (EPCs) in Rainfall and Throughfall: Insights from a Rural Site in Northern Thailand

This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol a...

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Published in:Atmosphere 2023-10, Vol.14 (11), p.1603
Main Authors: Lee, Theodora H.Y, Srinuansom, Khajornkiat, Snyder, Shane A, Ziegler, Alan D
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
2,4-D
Acetaminophen
Agricultural land
Agriculture
Agrochemicals
Anthropocene
Aquatic resources
Atrazine
Caffeine
Chemical composition
Composition
Contaminants
Contamination
Diphenhydramine
Distribution
Dry deposition
Dry season
emerging contaminants
Environmental aspects
Environmental monitoring
Fexofenadine
Gabapentin
Germany
Herbicides
Monsoon rainfall
Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Personal grooming
Pharmaceuticals
Phosphates
Pollutants
Ponds
Precipitation
Rain
Rain and rainfall
Rain water
Rain-water (Water-supply)
Rainfall
Rainfall regime
Rainwater
Rural areas
Seasonal variations
seasonality
Surface water
Thailand
Throughfall
Urban agriculture
Urban areas
Valsartan
Water analysis
Water sampling
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description This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)), and three agrichemicals (atrazine, fenobucarb, and 2,4-D). Additionally, information is provided regarding the presence of acetaminophen, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and gabapentin. Small differences in the chemical composition of the six main contaminants were observed between rainwater and forest throughfall water. However, significant variations were found in the concentration ranges of each EPC. In most cases, throughfall samples exhibited slightly higher concentrations, suggesting a limited contribution from dry deposition compared to rainfall. Limited reliable evidence was found concerning seasonal patterns in EPC concentrations in precipitation (rainfall and throughfall) and surface water samples in remote ponds and reservoirs. The transportation of EPCs via rainwater appears to vary among the compounds tested and is likely to vary from one rainfall event to another, rather than showing a strong and common seasonal response within the monsoon rainfall regime. These findings suggest that the transport of EPCs to remote areas via rainfall does occur for some EPCs. However, the dominance of this process over other transport mechanisms could not be determined with high confidence.
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subjects 2,4-D
Acetaminophen
Agricultural land
Agriculture
Agrochemicals
Anthropocene
Aquatic resources
Atrazine
Caffeine
Chemical composition
Composition
Contaminants
Contamination
Diphenhydramine
Distribution
Dry deposition
Dry season
emerging contaminants
Environmental aspects
Environmental monitoring
Fexofenadine
Gabapentin
Germany
Herbicides
Monsoon rainfall
Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Personal grooming
Pharmaceuticals
Phosphates
Pollutants
Ponds
Precipitation
Rain
Rain and rainfall
Rain water
Rain-water (Water-supply)
Rainfall
Rainfall regime
Rainwater
Rural areas
Seasonal variations
seasonality
Surface water
Thailand
Throughfall
Urban agriculture
Urban areas
Valsartan
Water analysis
Water sampling
title Atmosphere-Transported Emerging and Persistent Contaminants (EPCs) in Rainfall and Throughfall: Insights from a Rural Site in Northern Thailand
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