Understanding Viral and Immune Interplay During Vertical Transmission of HIV: Implications for Cure

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology 2021-10, Vol.12, p.757400
• Main Authors: Amin, Omayma, Powers, Jenna, Bricker, Katherine M, Chahroudi, Ann
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anti-HIV Agents - administration & dosage; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use; antiretroviral; Breast Feeding - adverse effects; CD4 Antigens - genetics; Coinfection; cure; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Genotype; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - immunology; HIV Infections - transmission; HIV Infections - virology; HIV-1; Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology; Humans; Immunology; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control; Male; Milk, Human - virology; MTCT; pediatric; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - drug therapy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - immunology; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - virology; Receptors, Virus - genetics; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases - complications; shock and kill; Tuberculosis - complications; Viral Load
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757400

Despite the significant progress that has been made to eliminate vertical HIV infection, more than 150,000 children were infected with HIV in 2019, emphasizing the continued need for sustainable HIV treatment strategies and ideally a cure for children. Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) remains the most important route of pediatric HIV acquisition and, in absence of prevention measures, transmission rates range from 15% to 45% three distinct routes: , intrapartum, and in the postnatal period through breastfeeding. The exact mechanisms and biological basis of these different routes of transmission are not yet fully understood. Some infants escape infection despite significant virus exposure, while others do not, suggesting possible maternal or fetal immune protective factors including the presence of HIV-specific antibodies. Here we summarize the unique aspects of HIV MTCT including the immunopathogenesis of the different routes of transmission, and how transmission in the antenatal or postnatal periods may affect early life immune responses and HIV persistence. A more refined understanding of the complex interaction between viral, maternal, and fetal/infant factors may enhance the pursuit of strategies to achieve an HIV cure for pediatric populations.