Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste

• Published in: Crystals (Basel) 2021-04, Vol.11 (4), p.442
• Main Authors: Teo, Pao Ter, Zakaria, Siti Koriah, Mohd Sharif, Nurulakmal, Abu Seman, Anasyida, Taib, Mustaffa Ali Azhar, Mohamed, Julie Juliewatty, Yusoff, Mahani, Yusoff, Abdul Hafidz, Mohamad, Mardawani, Ali, Arlina, Masri, Mohamad Najmi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adequacy; Bulk density; Bulk modulus; Carbon steel; Ceramics; Clay; Design of experiments; Design optimization; electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste; Electric arc furnaces; Experiments; Factorial design; Fluxing; general full factorial design (GFFD); Iron oxides; Modulus of rupture; Porosity; Regression models; Slag; Statistical analysis; Statistical methods; Surface defects; sustainable clay-based ceramics; Sustainable development; Variance analysis; Waste materials; Water absorption
• ISSN: 2073-4352; 2073-4352
• DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040442

This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from electric arc furnace, EAF steel slag waste), which led to severe surface defects and high closed porosity issue of the ceramics. Statistical analysis of GFFD including model adequacy checking, analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot and response optimizer were conducted in the study. The responses (final properties of ceramics) investigated were firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, the factors employed in experimental parameters were weight percentage (wt.%) of EAF slag added and firing temperature. Upon statistical analysis, GFFD has deduced that wt.% amount of EAF slag added and firing temperatures are proven to significantly influence the final properties of the clay-based ceramic incorporated with EAF slag. The results of conducted statistical analysis were also highly significant and proven valid for the ceramics. Optimized properties (maximum MOR, minimum water absorption and apparent porosity) of the ceramic were attained at 50 wt.% of EAF slag added and firing temperature of 1180 °C.