Diet Quality and Bone Density in Youth with Healthy Weight, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes

• Published in: Nutrients 2021-09, Vol.13 (9), p.3288
• Main Authors: Kindler, Joseph M., Gallo, Sina, Khoury, Philip R., Urbina, Elaine M., Zemel, Babette S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: African Americans; Age; Body mass index; Bone density; Bone mineral density; Calories; Chronic illnesses; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diaries; Diet; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; Energy; Fractures; Fruits; Grain; Milk; Nutrition research; Obesity; Oils & fats; Quality assessment; Secondary analysis; Software; Standard deviation; type 2 diabetes; youth
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu13093288

Purpose: To assess relationships between diet quality and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in youth with healthy weight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from youth (55% African American, 70% female) ages 10–23 years with T2D (n = 90), obesity (BMI > 95th; n = 128), or healthy weight (BMI < 85th; n = 197). Whole body (less head) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). aBMD was expressed as age-, sex-, and ancestry-specific standard deviation scores (Z-scores). Whole body aBMD Z-scores were adjusted for height-for-age Z-score. Diet was assessed via three-day diaries, and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was computed. Total HEI score and HEI subcomponent scores were compared across groups, and associations with aBMD Z-scores were assessed via linear regression adjusted for group, age, sex, and ancestry. Results: Mean HEI was similar between the healthy weight, obesity, and T2D groups. Several HEI sub-components differed between groups, including meats and beans, total vegetables, milk, saturated fat, sodium, oils, and empty calories. The obesity and T2D group had significantly greater aBMD Z-scores compared to the healthy weight group. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed a significant positive association between HEI and aBMD Z-score (p < 0.05). The HEI sub-components for whole grains (p = 0.052) and empty calories (p < 0.05) were positively associated with aBMD Z-score. Conclusions: Individuals that followed a dietary pattern more closely aligned with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans had greater bone density. Since few studies have investigated the role of diet on bone in youth with obesity-related conditions, additional research is required among these populations.