HyCHEED System for Maintaining Stable Temperature Control during Preclinical Irreversible Electroporation Experiments at Clinically Relevant Temperature and Pulse Settings

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2020-10, Vol.20 (21), p.6227
• Main Authors: Agnass, Pierre, Rodermond, Hans M., Zweije, Remko, Sijbrands, Jan, Vogel, Jantien A., van Lienden, Krijn P., van Gulik, Thomas M., van Veldhuisen, Eran, Franken, Nicolaas A. P., Oei, Arlene L., Kok, H. Petra, Besselink, Marc G., Crezee, Johannes
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ablation; Apoptosis; cooling-system; Electric field strength; Electrodes; electromagnetics; Electroporation; Heat; heating-system; hydraulic-control-system; Hydraulics; Hyperthermia; Pancreatic cancer; Stability; Temperature control; Temperature effects
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s20216227

Electric permeabilization of cell membranes is the main mechanism of irreversible electroporation (IRE), an ablation technique for treatment of unresectable cancers, but the pulses also induce a significant temperature increase in the treated volume. To investigate the therapeutically thermal contribution, a preclinical setup is required to apply IRE at desired temperatures while maintaining stable temperatures. This study’s aim was to develop and test an electroporation device capable of maintaining a pre-specified stable and spatially homogeneous temperatures and electric field in a tumor cell suspension for several clinical-IRE-settings. A hydraulically controllable heat exchange electroporation device (HyCHEED) was developed and validated at 37 °C and 46 °C. Through plate electrodes, HyCHEED achieved both a homogeneous electric field and homogenous-stable temperatures; IRE heat was removed through hydraulic cooling. IRE was applied to 300 μL of pancreatic carcinoma cell suspension (Mia PaCa-2), after which cell viability and specific conductivity were determined. HyCHEED maintained stable temperatures within ±1.5 °C with respect to the target temperature for multiple IRE-settings at the selected temperature levels. An increase of cell death and specific conductivity, including post-treatment, was found to depend on electric-field strength and temperature. HyCHEED is capable of maintaining stable temperatures during IRE-experiments. This provides an excellent basis to assess the contribution of thermal effects to IRE and other bio-electromagnetic techniques.