Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certai...

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Published in:Frontiers in pharmacology 2022-07, Vol.13, p.909363-909363
Main Authors: Li, Jing, Huang, Qingxia, Yao, Yao, Ji, Peng, Mingyao, E., Chen, Jinjin, Zhang, Zepeng, Qi, Hongyu, Liu, Jiaqi, Chen, Zhaoqiang, Zhao, Daqing, Zhou, Lei, Li, Xiangyan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
biotransformation
ginsenoside Rd
molecular mechanisms
Panax ginseng C.A. Mey
pharmacokinetics
Pharmacology
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Summary:Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certain types of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic diseases, in which most of the interest has focused on ginsenoside Rd. The evidentiary basis showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke, nerve injury, cancer, and other diseases involved in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized available reports on the molecular biological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd in neurological diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, and other diseases. We also discussed the main biotransformation pathways of ginsenoside Rd obtained by fermentation.
ISSN:1663-9812
1663-9812
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.909363