Relevance of multilamellar and multicompartmental vesicles in biological fluids: understanding the significance of proportional variations and disease correlation

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant interest in the field of biomedical science due to their potential applications in therapy and diagnosis. These vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication and carry a diverse range of bioactive cargo molecules, such as nucleic acids, pro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biomarker research 2023-08, Vol.11 (1), p.77-13, Article 77
Main Authors: Saadeldin, Islam M, Ehab, Seif, Cho, Jongki
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Apoptosis
Biomarkers
Biosynthesis
Cell interactions
Cholesterol
Conformation
Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM)
Dehydration
Electron microscopy
Extracellular vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)
Kinases
Lipids
Microscopy
Multicompartmental
Multilamellar
Nucleic acids
Paracrine signalling
Plasma
Proteins
Review
Signal transduction
Vesicles
Vesicular bodies
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Summary:Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant interest in the field of biomedical science due to their potential applications in therapy and diagnosis. These vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication and carry a diverse range of bioactive cargo molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. These cargoes play essential roles in various signaling pathways, including paracrine and endocrine signaling. However, our understanding of the morphological and structural features of EVs is still limited. EVs could be unilamellar or multilamellar or even multicompartmental structures. The relative proportions of these EV subtypes in biological fluids have been associated with various human diseases; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) holds great promise in the field of EV characterization due to high resolution properties. Cryo-EM circumvents artifacts caused by fixation or dehydration, allows for the preservation of native conformation, and eliminates the necessity for staining procedures. In this review, we summarize the role of EVs biogenesis and pathways that might have role on their structure, and the role of cryo-EM in characterization of EVs morphology in different biological samples and integrate new knowledge of the alterations of membranous structures of EVs which could be used as biomarkers to human diseases.
ISSN:2050-7771
2050-7771
DOI:10.1186/s40364-023-00518-0