Morphological Heterogeneity of the Endoplasmic Reticulum within Neurons and Its Implications in Neurodegeneration

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multipurpose organelle comprising dynamic structural subdomains, such as ER sheets and tubules, serving to maintain protein, calcium, and lipid homeostasis. In neurons, the single ER is compartmentalized with a careful segregation of the structural subdomains in s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-04, Vol.10 (5), p.970
Main Authors: Sree, Sreesha, Parkkinen, Ilmari, Their, Anna, Airavaara, Mikko, Jokitalo, Eija
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Calcium homeostasis
Dopamine receptors
dopaminergic neurons
Endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum subdomains
Golgi, Camillo (1843-1926)
Homeostasis
Mammals
Microscopy
Morphology
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases
neuronal endoplasmic reticulum
Neurons
Neuropathology
Palade, George
Proteins
Review
sporadic neurodegeneration
Tubules
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Summary:The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multipurpose organelle comprising dynamic structural subdomains, such as ER sheets and tubules, serving to maintain protein, calcium, and lipid homeostasis. In neurons, the single ER is compartmentalized with a careful segregation of the structural subdomains in somatic and neurite (axodendritic) regions. The distribution and arrangement of these ER subdomains varies between different neuronal types. Mutations in ER membrane shaping proteins and morphological changes in the ER are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases implying significance of ER morphology in maintaining neuronal integrity. Specific neurons, such as the highly arborized dopaminergic neurons, are prone to stress and neurodegeneration. Differences in morphology and functionality of ER between the neurons may account for their varied sensitivity to stress and neurodegenerative changes. In this review, we explore the neuronal ER and discuss its distinct morphological attributes and specific functions. We hypothesize that morphological heterogeneity of the ER in neurons is an important factor that accounts for their selective susceptibility to neurodegeneration.
ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells10050970