Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology 2021-04, Vol.12, p.589095-589095
• Main Authors: Chen, Ruirong, Lan, Zhien, Ye, Jujian, Pang, Limin, Liu, Yi, Wu, Wei, Qin, Xiaohuan, Guo, Yang, Zhang, Peidong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); cytokine storms; Immunology; multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589095

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global health and has posed significant challenges for the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Several studies have reported that cytokine storms are an important cause of disease deterioration and death in COVID-19 patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the specific pathophysiological processes underlying how cytokine storms promote the deterioration of COVID-19. Here, we outline the pathophysiological processes through which cytokine storms contribute to the deterioration of SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiology of immune response dysfunction that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and coagulation impairment. Treatments based on inhibiting cytokine storm-induced deterioration and occurrence are also described.