Loading…

Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals

Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through seque...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:mSphere 2016-03, Vol.1 (2)
Main Authors: Kaplan, Bryan S, Russier, Marion, Jeevan, Trushar, Marathe, Bindumadhav, Govorkova, Elena A, Russell, Charles J, Kim-Torchetti, Mia, Choi, Young Ki, Brown, Ian, Saito, Takehiko, Stallknecht, David E, Krauss, Scott, Webby, Richard J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473
container_end_page
container_issue 2
container_start_page
container_title mSphere
container_volume 1
creator Kaplan, Bryan S
Russier, Marion
Jeevan, Trushar
Marathe, Bindumadhav
Govorkova, Elena A
Russell, Charles J
Kim-Torchetti, Mia
Choi, Young Ki
Brown, Ian
Saito, Takehiko
Stallknecht, David E
Krauss, Scott
Webby, Richard J
description Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified PB1 and NP gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from North American waterfowl prior to the introduction of A(H5N8) to North America, highlighting these bird species in the origin of reassortant A(H5N2) viruses. While they were highly virulent and transmissible in poultry, we found A(H5N2) viruses to be low pathogenic in mice and ferrets, and replication was limited in both hosts compared with those of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin protein from A(H5N2) viruses showed that the receptor binding preference, cleavage, and pH of activation were highly adapted for replication in avian species and similar to those of other 2.3.4.4 viruses. In addition, North American and Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses replicated to significantly lower titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells than did seasonal human A(H1N1) and highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses isolated from a human case. Thus, despite their having a high impact on poultry, our findings suggest that the recently emerging North American A(H5N2) viruses are not expected to pose a substantial threat to humans and other mammals without further reassortment and/or adaptation and that reassortment with North American viruses has not had a major impact on viral phenotype. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses.
doi_str_mv 10.1128/mSphere.00003-16
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_3e8a9bf429124b878d0b76ff4e6c4d88</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_3e8a9bf429124b878d0b76ff4e6c4d88</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>1797543759</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkk1vEzEQhlcIRKvSOydkiUt7SFh_rL2-IEURkEghIChcLe96nLjatYO9iRT-Ef8S54OqxZcZjd957Bm9RfEal2OMSf2u_75ZQ4RxmQ8dYf6suCRUyFFVMvL8UX5RXKd0n0WYE84Ff1lcEEFLKii5LP4sww46NHOrdbdHX_WwDivwrkWTndMeTW5m1ZLcIu3NKa9v0dzbbgv-t0Y_XdwmSChYNO20AUTGdMzGDNkYerQMcVijSQ_RtRrN9A7QwvVuAIOmeqNbN-yRDRF9g02XFYML_vjOXdQ-9S6lQ8F59Fn3ve7Sq-KFzQGuz_Gq-PHxw910Nlp8-TSfThajtqr4MBKGlFw2hgmhBc47aGvcUCtxY2oKNRYSc9xiSyrBm7IGMBJMKY21VDDGBL0q5ieuCfpebaLrddyroJ06FkJcKR0H13agMk_LxjIiMWFNLWpTNoJby4C3zNR1Zr0_sTbbpgfTgh-i7p5An954t1arsFOslozLMgNuzoAYfm0hDSovpoWu0x7CNqk8jqgYFZXM0rf_Se_DNvq8KoVlRVnNGT8Ay5OqjSGlCPbhM7hUB1ups63U0VYK89zy5vEQDw3_TET_AjO-yCM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1953486460</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals</title><source>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</source><source>American Society for Microbiology Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Kaplan, Bryan S ; Russier, Marion ; Jeevan, Trushar ; Marathe, Bindumadhav ; Govorkova, Elena A ; Russell, Charles J ; Kim-Torchetti, Mia ; Choi, Young Ki ; Brown, Ian ; Saito, Takehiko ; Stallknecht, David E ; Krauss, Scott ; Webby, Richard J</creator><creatorcontrib>Kaplan, Bryan S ; Russier, Marion ; Jeevan, Trushar ; Marathe, Bindumadhav ; Govorkova, Elena A ; Russell, Charles J ; Kim-Torchetti, Mia ; Choi, Young Ki ; Brown, Ian ; Saito, Takehiko ; Stallknecht, David E ; Krauss, Scott ; Webby, Richard J</creatorcontrib><description>Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified PB1 and NP gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from North American waterfowl prior to the introduction of A(H5N8) to North America, highlighting these bird species in the origin of reassortant A(H5N2) viruses. While they were highly virulent and transmissible in poultry, we found A(H5N2) viruses to be low pathogenic in mice and ferrets, and replication was limited in both hosts compared with those of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin protein from A(H5N2) viruses showed that the receptor binding preference, cleavage, and pH of activation were highly adapted for replication in avian species and similar to those of other 2.3.4.4 viruses. In addition, North American and Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses replicated to significantly lower titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells than did seasonal human A(H1N1) and highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses isolated from a human case. Thus, despite their having a high impact on poultry, our findings suggest that the recently emerging North American A(H5N2) viruses are not expected to pose a substantial threat to humans and other mammals without further reassortment and/or adaptation and that reassortment with North American viruses has not had a major impact on viral phenotype. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2379-5042</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2379-5042</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00003-16</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27303732</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>avian influenza virus ; H5N2 ; H5N8 ; Hemagglutinins ; Influenza A ; mammals ; Migratory birds ; viral replication</subject><ispartof>mSphere, 2016-03, Vol.1 (2)</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2016 Kaplan et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Kaplan et al. 2016 Kaplan et al.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1953486460/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1953486460?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,3175,25731,27901,27902,36989,36990,44566,53766,53768,74869</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27303732$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kaplan, Bryan S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russier, Marion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeevan, Trushar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marathe, Bindumadhav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Govorkova, Elena A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, Charles J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim-Torchetti, Mia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Young Ki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saito, Takehiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stallknecht, David E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krauss, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webby, Richard J</creatorcontrib><title>Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals</title><title>mSphere</title><addtitle>mSphere</addtitle><description>Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified PB1 and NP gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from North American waterfowl prior to the introduction of A(H5N8) to North America, highlighting these bird species in the origin of reassortant A(H5N2) viruses. While they were highly virulent and transmissible in poultry, we found A(H5N2) viruses to be low pathogenic in mice and ferrets, and replication was limited in both hosts compared with those of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin protein from A(H5N2) viruses showed that the receptor binding preference, cleavage, and pH of activation were highly adapted for replication in avian species and similar to those of other 2.3.4.4 viruses. In addition, North American and Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses replicated to significantly lower titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells than did seasonal human A(H1N1) and highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses isolated from a human case. Thus, despite their having a high impact on poultry, our findings suggest that the recently emerging North American A(H5N2) viruses are not expected to pose a substantial threat to humans and other mammals without further reassortment and/or adaptation and that reassortment with North American viruses has not had a major impact on viral phenotype. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses.</description><subject>avian influenza virus</subject><subject>H5N2</subject><subject>H5N8</subject><subject>Hemagglutinins</subject><subject>Influenza A</subject><subject>mammals</subject><subject>Migratory birds</subject><subject>viral replication</subject><issn>2379-5042</issn><issn>2379-5042</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkk1vEzEQhlcIRKvSOydkiUt7SFh_rL2-IEURkEghIChcLe96nLjatYO9iRT-Ef8S54OqxZcZjd957Bm9RfEal2OMSf2u_75ZQ4RxmQ8dYf6suCRUyFFVMvL8UX5RXKd0n0WYE84Ff1lcEEFLKii5LP4sww46NHOrdbdHX_WwDivwrkWTndMeTW5m1ZLcIu3NKa9v0dzbbgv-t0Y_XdwmSChYNO20AUTGdMzGDNkYerQMcVijSQ_RtRrN9A7QwvVuAIOmeqNbN-yRDRF9g02XFYML_vjOXdQ-9S6lQ8F59Fn3ve7Sq-KFzQGuz_Gq-PHxw910Nlp8-TSfThajtqr4MBKGlFw2hgmhBc47aGvcUCtxY2oKNRYSc9xiSyrBm7IGMBJMKY21VDDGBL0q5ieuCfpebaLrddyroJ06FkJcKR0H13agMk_LxjIiMWFNLWpTNoJby4C3zNR1Zr0_sTbbpgfTgh-i7p5An954t1arsFOslozLMgNuzoAYfm0hDSovpoWu0x7CNqk8jqgYFZXM0rf_Se_DNvq8KoVlRVnNGT8Ay5OqjSGlCPbhM7hUB1ups63U0VYK89zy5vEQDw3_TET_AjO-yCM</recordid><startdate>20160301</startdate><enddate>20160301</enddate><creator>Kaplan, Bryan S</creator><creator>Russier, Marion</creator><creator>Jeevan, Trushar</creator><creator>Marathe, Bindumadhav</creator><creator>Govorkova, Elena A</creator><creator>Russell, Charles J</creator><creator>Kim-Torchetti, Mia</creator><creator>Choi, Young Ki</creator><creator>Brown, Ian</creator><creator>Saito, Takehiko</creator><creator>Stallknecht, David E</creator><creator>Krauss, Scott</creator><creator>Webby, Richard J</creator><general>American Society for Microbiology</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160301</creationdate><title>Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals</title><author>Kaplan, Bryan S ; Russier, Marion ; Jeevan, Trushar ; Marathe, Bindumadhav ; Govorkova, Elena A ; Russell, Charles J ; Kim-Torchetti, Mia ; Choi, Young Ki ; Brown, Ian ; Saito, Takehiko ; Stallknecht, David E ; Krauss, Scott ; Webby, Richard J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>avian influenza virus</topic><topic>H5N2</topic><topic>H5N8</topic><topic>Hemagglutinins</topic><topic>Influenza A</topic><topic>mammals</topic><topic>Migratory birds</topic><topic>viral replication</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kaplan, Bryan S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russier, Marion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeevan, Trushar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marathe, Bindumadhav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Govorkova, Elena A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, Charles J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim-Torchetti, Mia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Young Ki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saito, Takehiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stallknecht, David E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krauss, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webby, Richard J</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Proquest)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biological Sciences</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>mSphere</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kaplan, Bryan S</au><au>Russier, Marion</au><au>Jeevan, Trushar</au><au>Marathe, Bindumadhav</au><au>Govorkova, Elena A</au><au>Russell, Charles J</au><au>Kim-Torchetti, Mia</au><au>Choi, Young Ki</au><au>Brown, Ian</au><au>Saito, Takehiko</au><au>Stallknecht, David E</au><au>Krauss, Scott</au><au>Webby, Richard J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals</atitle><jtitle>mSphere</jtitle><addtitle>mSphere</addtitle><date>2016-03-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><issn>2379-5042</issn><eissn>2379-5042</eissn><abstract>Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to North America by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. Reassortment of A(H5N8) viruses with avian viruses of North American lineage resulted in the generation of novel A(H5N2) viruses with novel genotypes. Through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified PB1 and NP gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from North American waterfowl prior to the introduction of A(H5N8) to North America, highlighting these bird species in the origin of reassortant A(H5N2) viruses. While they were highly virulent and transmissible in poultry, we found A(H5N2) viruses to be low pathogenic in mice and ferrets, and replication was limited in both hosts compared with those of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin protein from A(H5N2) viruses showed that the receptor binding preference, cleavage, and pH of activation were highly adapted for replication in avian species and similar to those of other 2.3.4.4 viruses. In addition, North American and Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses replicated to significantly lower titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells than did seasonal human A(H1N1) and highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses isolated from a human case. Thus, despite their having a high impact on poultry, our findings suggest that the recently emerging North American A(H5N2) viruses are not expected to pose a substantial threat to humans and other mammals without further reassortment and/or adaptation and that reassortment with North American viruses has not had a major impact on viral phenotype. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses have been introduced into North America from Asia, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry. The introduced viruses have reassorted with North American avian influenza viruses, generating viral genotypes not seen on other continents. The experiments and analyses presented here were designed to assess the impact of this genetic diversification on viral phenotypes, particularly as regards mammalian hosts, by comparing the North American viruses with their Eurasian precursor viruses.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Society for Microbiology</pub><pmid>27303732</pmid><doi>10.1128/mSphere.00003-16</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 2379-5042
ispartof mSphere, 2016-03, Vol.1 (2)
issn 2379-5042
2379-5042
language eng
recordid cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_3e8a9bf429124b878d0b76ff4e6c4d88
source Publicly Available Content (ProQuest); American Society for Microbiology Journals; PubMed Central
subjects avian influenza virus
H5N2
H5N8
Hemagglutinins
Influenza A
mammals
Migratory birds
viral replication
title Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 from North America Have Limited Capacity for Replication and Transmission in Mammals
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T05%3A49%3A57IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Novel%20Highly%20Pathogenic%20Avian%20A(H5N2)%20and%20A(H5N8)%20Influenza%20Viruses%20of%20Clade%202.3.4.4%20from%20North%20America%20Have%20Limited%20Capacity%20for%20Replication%20and%20Transmission%20in%20Mammals&rft.jtitle=mSphere&rft.au=Kaplan,%20Bryan%20S&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.issn=2379-5042&rft.eissn=2379-5042&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128/mSphere.00003-16&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_doaj_%3E1797543759%3C/proquest_doaj_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-7d2069bd477a71379c81b3f91bd83e8179161c1f2576b08eed9ed09dff3744473%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1953486460&rft_id=info:pmid/27303732&rfr_iscdi=true