Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation, Phoenixin, and Subsequent Precocious Puberty

Recent studies have shown a rise in precocious puberty, especially in girls. At the same time, childhood obesity due to overnutrition and energy imbalance is rising too. Nutrition and fertility are currently facing major challenges in our societies, and are interconnected. Studies have shown that hi...

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Published in:Nutrients 2021-09, Vol.13 (10), p.3460
Main Authors: Valsamakis, Georgios, Arapaki, Angeliki, Balafoutas, Dimitris, Charmandari, Evangelia, Vlahos, Nikolaos F.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Age
Child development
Children
Children & youth
Congenital diseases
Diet
Fatty acids
Fertility
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropins
Hair
High fat diet
high-fat/glycaemic-index diet
Hormones
Hyperplasia
hypothalamic inflammation
Hypothalamus
Inflammation
Literature reviews
Metabolism
Mutation
Neurons
Neuropeptides
Neurotrophic factors
Nutrition
Obesity
Overnutrition
Overweight
phoenixin
Pituitary (anterior)
Pituitary gland
precocious puberty
Prostaglandins
Puberty
Review
Steroids
Tumors
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description Recent studies have shown a rise in precocious puberty, especially in girls. At the same time, childhood obesity due to overnutrition and energy imbalance is rising too. Nutrition and fertility are currently facing major challenges in our societies, and are interconnected. Studies have shown that high-fat and/or high-glycaemic-index diet can cause hypothalamic inflammation and microglial activation. Molecular and animal studies reveal that microglial activation seems to produce and activate prostaglandins, neurotrophic factors activating GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons), thus initiating precocious puberty. GnRH neurons’ mechanisms of excitability are not well understood. In this review, we study the phenomenon of the rise of precocious puberty, we examine the physiology of GnRH neurons, and we review the recent literature regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms that connect diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and diet-induced phoenixin regulation with precocious puberty.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/nu13103460
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subjects Age
Child development
Children
Children & youth
Congenital diseases
Diet
Fatty acids
Fertility
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropins
Hair
High fat diet
high-fat/glycaemic-index diet
Hormones
Hyperplasia
hypothalamic inflammation
Hypothalamus
Inflammation
Literature reviews
Metabolism
Mutation
Neurons
Neuropeptides
Neurotrophic factors
Nutrition
Obesity
Overnutrition
Overweight
phoenixin
Pituitary (anterior)
Pituitary gland
precocious puberty
Prostaglandins
Puberty
Review
Steroids
Tumors
title Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation, Phoenixin, and Subsequent Precocious Puberty
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