Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from chicken products and human in Wasit Governorate of Iraq

• Published in: Open veterinary journal (Tripoli, Libya) Libya), 2024-05, Vol.14 (5), p.1117-1129
• Main Authors: Al-Shafee, Ahmed Abdali Jabor, Abdulwahid, Mushtaq Talib
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; antimicrobial susceptibility test (ast); chicken eggs; Chickens - microbiology; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Feces - microbiology; Humans; Iraq - epidemiology; Meat - microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests - veterinary; molecular characterization; pcr; Poultry Products - microbiology; salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica - drug effects; Salmonella enterica - genetics; Salmonella enterica - isolation & purification; Salmonella Infections - epidemiology; Salmonella Infections - microbiology
• ISSN: 2218-6050; 2226-4485; 2218-6050
• DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.5

infections are considered the most common foodborne pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections and food poisoning in humans and animal species such as birds. Antimicrobial resistance is considered a global anxiety because it causes human public health repercussions, as well as leads to an increase in animal morbidity and death. The aims of this study are the isolation and identification of , as well as to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and the molecular characteristics using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequences for isolates from chicken products (eggs, livers, and minced meat) and human in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. A total of 300 samples (150 chicken product samples including eggs, livers, and minced meat, and 150 human fecal samples) were collected from the Wasit governorate of Iraq from January to December 2022. The bacterial isolation was done according to recommendations of ISO 6579 standard and the Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol. Serotyping test and AST were done by using 19 antibiotic agents according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2022 by using disc diffusion susceptibility test and Vitik 2 test. Finally, the suspected isolates were confirmed using the conventional PCR method and sequencing for a unique gene. The results showed that the isolation percentage of in chicken products was 8.66% (12% eggs, 6% livers, and 8% minced meat), while in humans it was 4.6%. Also, showed 100% of in humans. While, in chicken eggs , and were 50%, 33.33%, and 16.66%, respectively. Also, showed 100% of in both livers and minced meat. The AST in human isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Ceftriaxone, while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, and Tetracycline. In chicken products, isolates were resistant with different percentages to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Trimethoprim; while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Azithromycin, and Ceftriaxone. Sequencing by using gene was done for four PCR products. This study showed the presence of genetic mutations for which led to variations in the molecular characteristics, and antimi