Experimental and Established Oximes as Pretreatment before Acute Exposure to Azinphos-Methyl

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-03, Vol.22 (6), p.3072
• Main Authors: Lorke, Dietrich E, Nurulain, Syed M, Hasan, Mohamed Y, Kuča, Kamil, Petroianu, Georg A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acetylcholine; Animals; Azinphos-methyl; Azinphosmethyl - chemistry; Azinphosmethyl - toxicity; carbamates; cholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Cox analysis; Dosage; Enzymes; Fatalities; FDA approval; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Molecular Weight; Mortality; Obidoxime; Organophosphorus compounds; Organophosphorus Compounds - chemistry; Organophosphorus Compounds - toxicity; Oximes; Oximes - pharmacology; Paraoxon; Pesticides; Pesticides - chemistry; Pesticides - toxicity; Pretreatment; Prophylaxis; Proportional Hazards Models; Pyridostigmine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Risk; Survival Analysis; Terrorism
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063072

Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) represents an ongoing threat to civilians and rescue personal. We have previously shown that oximes, when administered prophylactically before exposure to the OPC paraoxon, are able to protect from its toxic effects. In the present study, we have assessed to what degree experimental (K-27; K-48; K-53; K-74; K-75) or established oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime), when given as pretreatment at an equitoxic dosage of 25% of LD , are able to reduce mortality induced by the OPC azinphos-methyl. Their efficacy was compared with that of pyridostigmine, the only FDA-approved substance for such prophylaxis. Efficacy was quantified in rats by Cox analysis, calculating the relative risk of death (RR), with RR=1 for the reference group given only azinphos-methyl, but no prophylaxis. All tested compounds significantly ( ≤ 0.05) reduced azinphos-methyl-induced mortality. In addition, the efficacy of all tested experimental and established oximes except K-53 was significantly superior to the FDA-approved compound pyridostigmine. Best protection was observed for the oximes K-48 (RR = 0.20), K-27 (RR = 0.23), and obidoxime (RR = 0.21), which were significantly more efficacious than pralidoxime and pyridostigmine. The second-best group of prophylactic compounds consisted of K-74 (RR = 0.26), K-75 (RR = 0.35) and pralidoxime (RR = 0.37), which were significantly more efficacious than pyridostigmine. Pretreatment with K-53 (RR = 0.37) and pyridostigmine (RR = 0.52) was the least efficacious. Our present data, together with previous results on other OPCs, indicate that the experimental oximes K-27 and K-48 are very promising pretreatment compounds. When penetration into the brain is undesirable, obidoxime is the most efficacious prophylactic agent already approved for clinical use.