Carbon nanomaterials for cardiovascular theranostics: Promises and challenges

• Published in: Bioactive materials 2021-08, Vol.6 (8), p.2261-2280
• Main Authors: Alagarsamy, Keshav Narayan, Mathan, Sajitha, Yan, Weiang, Rafieerad, Alireza, Sekaran, Saravanan, Manego, Hanna, Dhingra, Sanjiv
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biosensors; Carbon nanomaterials; Cardiac tissue engineering; Cardiovascular disease; Drug delivery; Immunomodulation
• ISSN: 2452-199X; 2452-199X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.030

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart attack and stroke cause irreversible tissue damage. The currently available treatment options are limited to “damage-control” rather than tissue repair. The recent advances in nanomaterials have offered novel approaches to restore tissue function after injury. In particular, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have shown significant promise to bridge the gap in clinical translation of biomaterial based therapies. This family of carbon allotropes (including graphenes, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes) have unique physiochemical properties, including exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, chemical behaviour, thermal stability and optical properties. These intrinsic properties make CNMs ideal materials for use in cardiovascular theranostics. This review is focused on recent efforts in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases using graphenes and carbon nanotubes. The first section introduces currently available derivatives of graphenes and carbon nanotubes and discusses some of the key characteristics of these materials. The second section covers their application in drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering and immunomodulation with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The final section discusses current shortcomings and limitations of CNMs in cardiovascular applications and reviews ongoing efforts to address these concerns and to bring CNMs from bench to bedside. [Display omitted] •Unique properties of the carbon nanomaterials (CNM) for cardiovascular theranostics.•Applications of CNMs for cardiovascular medicine as drug carriers, biosensors, cardiac tissue engineering constructs and immunomodulation.•Limitations of CNMs in cardiovascular theranostics applications.•Strategies to mitigate the challenges to bring CNMs from bench to bedside for cardiovascular theranostics.