Oceanic Responses to the Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 in the Gulf of Mexico from In Situ and Satellite Observations

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-06, Vol.15 (12), p.2967
• Main Authors: Wang, Zhankun, Saha, Korak, Nyadjro, Ebenezer S., Zhang, Yongsheng, Huang, Boyin, Reagan, James
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Arctic; Climate change; Coastal zone; Coasts; Cold; cold spell; Cold weather; convective mixing; Cooling; Datasets; Gulf of Mexico; Heat flux; Heat loss; Hurricanes; Marine biology; Mortality; Nutrients; Ocean surface; Ocean-atmosphere interaction; Outbreaks; Plankton; Precipitation; Remote sensing; Reptiles & amphibians; Salinity; Satellite observation; satellite observations; Sea surface temperature; Storm damage; Storms; Surface cooling; surface heat flux; Temperature; Turbulent mixing; Upper ocean; Upwelling; Weather; Wind; Wind effects; Wind speed; Winter; Winter Storm Uri; Winter storms
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15122967

Winter storms occur in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) every few years, but there are not many studies on oceanic responses to severe winter storms. Although usually considered less destructive than hurricanes, they can result in cumulative damages. Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 (WSO21), the most intense winter storm to impact Texas and the GoM in 30 years, passed over the western GoM and brought severe cold to the GoM coastal regions, which caused a sudden cooling of the ocean surface, resulting in an extensive loss of marine life. In this study, we analyze multiple datasets from both in situ and satellite observations to examine the oceanic changes due to WSO21 in order to improve our understanding of oceanic responses to winter storms. Although the pre-storm sea surface temperature (SST) was 1–2 °C warmer than normal, severe coastal cold spells caused a significant cooling of the order of −3 °C to −5 °C during WSO21 and a −1 °C average cooling in the mixed layer (ML) over the western GoM. Net surface heat loss played a primary role in the upper ocean cooling during WSO21 and explained more than 50% of the cooling that occurred. Convective mixing due to surface cooling and turbulent mixing induced by enhanced wind speeds significantly increase the surface ML in the western GoM. Apart from rapid changes in SST and heat fluxes due to air-sea interactions, persistent upwelling brings nutrients to the surface and can produce coastal “winter” blooms along the Texas and Mexico coast. Prominent salinity increases along the coastal regions during and after WSO21 were another indicator of wind-induced coastal upwelling. Our study demonstrates the utility of publicly-available datasets for studying the impact of winter storms on the ocean surface.