Mechanisms of DNA Replication and Repair: Insights from the Study of G-Quadruplexes

G-quadruplexes are four-stranded guanine-rich structures that have been demonstrated to occur across the genome in humans and other organisms. They provide regulatory functions during transcription, translation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, but there is also a large amount of evidence that...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2019-09, Vol.24 (19), p.3439
Main Author: Bryan, Tracy M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antibodies
Binding sites
Cell cycle
Deoxyribonucleases - chemistry
Deoxyribonucleases - metabolism
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA biosynthesis
DNA damage
DNA Helicases - chemistry
DNA Helicases - metabolism
DNA repair
DNA replication
DNA Replication - genetics
DNA Replication - physiology
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Fibroblasts
G-quadruplex
G-Quadruplexes
Gene expression
Gene rearrangement
Genomes
Guanine
Homologous recombination
Homology
Humans
Mammals
Nuclease
Replication
Replication initiation
Review
Roles
Telomerase
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Summary:G-quadruplexes are four-stranded guanine-rich structures that have been demonstrated to occur across the genome in humans and other organisms. They provide regulatory functions during transcription, translation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, but there is also a large amount of evidence that they can present a potent barrier to the DNA replication machinery. This mini-review will summarize recent advances in understanding the many strategies nature has evolved to overcome G-quadruplex-mediated replication blockage, including removal of the structure by helicases or nucleases, or circumventing the deleterious effects on the genome through homologous recombination, alternative end-joining or synthesis re-priming. Paradoxically, G-quadruplexes have also recently been demonstrated to provide a positive role in stimulating the initiation of DNA replication. These recent studies have not only illuminated the many roles and consequences of G-quadruplexes, but have also provided fundamental insights into the general mechanisms of DNA replication and its links with genetic and epigenetic stability.
ISSN:1420-3049
1420-3049
DOI:10.3390/molecules24193439