Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban-Agricultural-Aquacultural Soils near the Bohai Bay Coast, Using Land-Use Classification and Google Satellite Tracing

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-05, Vol.14 (10), p.2436
• Main Authors: Zeng, Ling, Jiang, Shan, Jing, Linhai, Xue, Yuan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agriculture; Algorithms; Aquaculture; Cadmium; Chromium; cokriging; Contaminants; Contamination; contamination sources; Copper; Emissions; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Errors; Expected values; Google satellite; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heavy metals; Land use; Land use classification; land-use types; Lead; Mapping; Mathematical models; Mercury (metal); Metal concentrations; outlier; Public health; Remote sensing; Soil contamination; soil heavy metals; Soil pollution; Statistical analysis; Statistical methods; Steel making; Urban agriculture; Variables; Vehicle emissions; Watercourses
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs14102436

Heavy metal concentrations of Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Hg were investigated for 86 soil samples in Jinzhou near the Bohai Sea in China, in order to identify what anthropological activities influenced their distribution levels. Ordinary cokriging (OCK) was utilized to map six heavy-metal distributions by incorporating their main environmental influencers. The resultant p values for the six OCK mapping models of 0–2.78% indicated good statistical significance of the models, and the relative mean absolute errors of 4.82–12.53% and relative root mean square errors of 6.23–18.21% indicated allowable predication precision for their concentrations. The contamination distributions by OCK mapping were then graded based on the standards of the China National Environmental Monitoring Center and the Chinese Environmental Protection Administration, which showed that Cu and As contaminations in parts of this area were over the natural level but not polluted, Cr contamination was omnipresent over the natural level in this area and even reached the polluted level in parts of this area. The graded contamination maps that were overlapped with land-use maps and Google satellite maps, as well as the verifications reported in literatures, enabled correlations of the different contamination levels of As, Cu, and Cr with human activities. Resultantly, it indicated that As and Cu contamination over the natural level may be related to agricultural planting and aquacultural activities along the coast of Bohai Bay, with the contaminants transported via watercourses; Cr contamination over the natural level may have been due to vehicle emissions; and, Cr pollution may have been from steel manufacturing and geochemical factories