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Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study
Background Neurosteroids affect the balance between neuroexcitation and neuroinhibition but have been little studied in migraine. We compared the serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol in women with menstrually-related migraine and controls and analysed if a correlation exi...
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| Published in: | Journal of headache and pain 2021-03, Vol.22 (1), p.13-6, Article 13 |
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| container_title | Journal of headache and pain |
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| creator | Rustichelli, Cecilia Bellei, Elisa Bergamini, Stefania Monari, Emanuela Lo Castro, Flavia Baraldi, Carlo Tomasi, Aldo Ferrari, Anna |
| description | Background
Neurosteroids affect the balance between neuroexcitation and neuroinhibition but have been little studied in migraine. We compared the serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol in women with menstrually-related migraine and controls and analysed if a correlation existed between the levels of the three hormones and history of migraine and age.
Methods
Thirty women (mean age ± SD: 33.5 ± 7.1) with menstrually-related migraine (MM group) and 30 aged- matched controls (mean age ± SD: 30.9 ± 7.9) participated in the exploratory study. Pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone serum levels were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while estradiol levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone were significantly lower in the MM group than in controls (pregnenolone sulfate:
P
= 0.0328; pregnanolone:
P
= 0.0271, Student’s t-test), while estradiol levels were similar. In MM group, pregnenolone sulfate serum levels were negatively correlated with history of migraine (R
2
= 0.1369;
P
= 0.0482) and age (R
2
= 0.2826,
P
= 0.0025) while pregnenolone sulfate levels were not age-related in the control group (R
2
= 0.04436,
P
= 0.4337, linear regression analysis).
Conclusion
Low levels of both pregnanolone, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and pregnenolone sulfate, a positive allosteric modulator of the NMDA receptor, involved in memory and learning, could contribute either to headache pain or the cognitive dysfunctions reported in migraine patients. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that migraine is a disorder associated with a loss of neurohormonal integrity, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of restoring low neurosteroid levels in migraine treatment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s10194-021-01231-9 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_4810e6def3b248a093bc5a3395dc4483</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_4810e6def3b248a093bc5a3395dc4483</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>2504163615</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-6972e732cfbe3ba00fa057367a78d7924c4f10e36558672d34a85d3eea06eec43</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kk1v1DAQhiMEoqXwBzggS1wJ-DOOOSChFR-VKnGBszWJJ9usvHawk5b9LfxZTLMs9MLJ9sw7z4xHb1U9Z_Q1Y23zJjPKjKwpZzVlXLDaPKjOGeOm5kLrh6d7Y86qJznvKOVUtOpxdSaEVlpydl793MT9BGnMMZA4kCnhNmCIPgYkefEDzPhqjcIxCsERzHMCN0ZPPN6gz6TD-RYxkAnmEcOcye04X5M9hiJcwPtDndAXliP7cZtgPHL6GOYUfX5bXgR_TD4mmGM6kDwv7vC0ejSAz_jseF5U3z5--Lr5XF99-XS5eX9V90rSuW6M5qgF74cORQeUDkCVFo0G3TptuOzlwCiKRqm20dwJCa1yAhFog9hLcVFdrlwXYWenNO4hHWyE0d4FYtpaSPPYe7SyLaTG4SA6LlugRnS9AiGMcr2UrSisdytrWro9ur4sI4G_B72fCeO13cYbq01rKG8L4OURkOL3pSza7uKSQvm_5YpK1oiGqaLiq6pPMeeEw6kDo_a3OexqDlvMYe_MYU0pevHvbKeSP24oArEKckmFLaa_vf-D_QXi2coI</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2504163615</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study</title><source>Publicly Available Content Database</source><source>Springer Nature - SpringerLink Journals - Fully Open Access </source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Rustichelli, Cecilia ; Bellei, Elisa ; Bergamini, Stefania ; Monari, Emanuela ; Lo Castro, Flavia ; Baraldi, Carlo ; Tomasi, Aldo ; Ferrari, Anna</creator><creatorcontrib>Rustichelli, Cecilia ; Bellei, Elisa ; Bergamini, Stefania ; Monari, Emanuela ; Lo Castro, Flavia ; Baraldi, Carlo ; Tomasi, Aldo ; Ferrari, Anna</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Neurosteroids affect the balance between neuroexcitation and neuroinhibition but have been little studied in migraine. We compared the serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol in women with menstrually-related migraine and controls and analysed if a correlation existed between the levels of the three hormones and history of migraine and age.
Methods
Thirty women (mean age ± SD: 33.5 ± 7.1) with menstrually-related migraine (MM group) and 30 aged- matched controls (mean age ± SD: 30.9 ± 7.9) participated in the exploratory study. Pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone serum levels were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while estradiol levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone were significantly lower in the MM group than in controls (pregnenolone sulfate:
P
= 0.0328; pregnanolone:
P
= 0.0271, Student’s t-test), while estradiol levels were similar. In MM group, pregnenolone sulfate serum levels were negatively correlated with history of migraine (R
2
= 0.1369;
P
= 0.0482) and age (R
2
= 0.2826,
P
= 0.0025) while pregnenolone sulfate levels were not age-related in the control group (R
2
= 0.04436,
P
= 0.4337, linear regression analysis).
Conclusion
Low levels of both pregnanolone, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and pregnenolone sulfate, a positive allosteric modulator of the NMDA receptor, involved in memory and learning, could contribute either to headache pain or the cognitive dysfunctions reported in migraine patients. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that migraine is a disorder associated with a loss of neurohormonal integrity, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of restoring low neurosteroid levels in migraine treatment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1129-2369</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1129-2377</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01231-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33757421</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Milan: Springer Milan</publisher><subject>17β-Estradiol ; Age ; Aged ; Allosteric properties ; Cognitive ability ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Estradiol ; Estrogens ; Female ; Glutamic acid receptors (ionotropic) ; Headache ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Liquid chromatography ; Mass spectroscopy ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Menstrually-related migraine ; Menstruation ; Migraine ; Migraine Disorders ; N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors ; Neurology ; Neurosteroid ; Neurosteroids ; Pain Medicine ; Pregnanolone ; Pregnenolone ; Pregnenolone sulfate ; Serum levels ; Short Report ; Steroids ; γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptors</subject><ispartof>Journal of headache and pain, 2021-03, Vol.22 (1), p.13-6, Article 13</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-6972e732cfbe3ba00fa057367a78d7924c4f10e36558672d34a85d3eea06eec43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-6972e732cfbe3ba00fa057367a78d7924c4f10e36558672d34a85d3eea06eec43</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9536-3995</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2504163615/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2504163615?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,44590,53791,53793,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33757421$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rustichelli, Cecilia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bellei, Elisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergamini, Stefania</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monari, Emanuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lo Castro, Flavia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baraldi, Carlo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomasi, Aldo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrari, Anna</creatorcontrib><title>Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study</title><title>Journal of headache and pain</title><addtitle>J Headache Pain</addtitle><addtitle>J Headache Pain</addtitle><description>Background
Neurosteroids affect the balance between neuroexcitation and neuroinhibition but have been little studied in migraine. We compared the serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol in women with menstrually-related migraine and controls and analysed if a correlation existed between the levels of the three hormones and history of migraine and age.
Methods
Thirty women (mean age ± SD: 33.5 ± 7.1) with menstrually-related migraine (MM group) and 30 aged- matched controls (mean age ± SD: 30.9 ± 7.9) participated in the exploratory study. Pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone serum levels were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while estradiol levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone were significantly lower in the MM group than in controls (pregnenolone sulfate:
P
= 0.0328; pregnanolone:
P
= 0.0271, Student’s t-test), while estradiol levels were similar. In MM group, pregnenolone sulfate serum levels were negatively correlated with history of migraine (R
2
= 0.1369;
P
= 0.0482) and age (R
2
= 0.2826,
P
= 0.0025) while pregnenolone sulfate levels were not age-related in the control group (R
2
= 0.04436,
P
= 0.4337, linear regression analysis).
Conclusion
Low levels of both pregnanolone, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and pregnenolone sulfate, a positive allosteric modulator of the NMDA receptor, involved in memory and learning, could contribute either to headache pain or the cognitive dysfunctions reported in migraine patients. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that migraine is a disorder associated with a loss of neurohormonal integrity, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of restoring low neurosteroid levels in migraine treatment.</description><subject>17β-Estradiol</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Allosteric properties</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Estradiol</subject><subject>Estrogens</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glutamic acid receptors (ionotropic)</subject><subject>Headache</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Menstrually-related migraine</subject><subject>Menstruation</subject><subject>Migraine</subject><subject>Migraine Disorders</subject><subject>N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neurosteroid</subject><subject>Neurosteroids</subject><subject>Pain Medicine</subject><subject>Pregnanolone</subject><subject>Pregnenolone</subject><subject>Pregnenolone sulfate</subject><subject>Serum levels</subject><subject>Short Report</subject><subject>Steroids</subject><subject>γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptors</subject><issn>1129-2369</issn><issn>1129-2377</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kk1v1DAQhiMEoqXwBzggS1wJ-DOOOSChFR-VKnGBszWJJ9usvHawk5b9LfxZTLMs9MLJ9sw7z4xHb1U9Z_Q1Y23zJjPKjKwpZzVlXLDaPKjOGeOm5kLrh6d7Y86qJznvKOVUtOpxdSaEVlpydl793MT9BGnMMZA4kCnhNmCIPgYkefEDzPhqjcIxCsERzHMCN0ZPPN6gz6TD-RYxkAnmEcOcye04X5M9hiJcwPtDndAXliP7cZtgPHL6GOYUfX5bXgR_TD4mmGM6kDwv7vC0ejSAz_jseF5U3z5--Lr5XF99-XS5eX9V90rSuW6M5qgF74cORQeUDkCVFo0G3TptuOzlwCiKRqm20dwJCa1yAhFog9hLcVFdrlwXYWenNO4hHWyE0d4FYtpaSPPYe7SyLaTG4SA6LlugRnS9AiGMcr2UrSisdytrWro9ur4sI4G_B72fCeO13cYbq01rKG8L4OURkOL3pSza7uKSQvm_5YpK1oiGqaLiq6pPMeeEw6kDo_a3OexqDlvMYe_MYU0pevHvbKeSP24oArEKckmFLaa_vf-D_QXi2coI</recordid><startdate>20210323</startdate><enddate>20210323</enddate><creator>Rustichelli, Cecilia</creator><creator>Bellei, Elisa</creator><creator>Bergamini, Stefania</creator><creator>Monari, Emanuela</creator><creator>Lo Castro, Flavia</creator><creator>Baraldi, Carlo</creator><creator>Tomasi, Aldo</creator><creator>Ferrari, Anna</creator><general>Springer Milan</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>BMC</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-3995</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210323</creationdate><title>Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study</title><author>Rustichelli, Cecilia ; Bellei, Elisa ; Bergamini, Stefania ; Monari, Emanuela ; Lo Castro, Flavia ; Baraldi, Carlo ; Tomasi, Aldo ; Ferrari, Anna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c540t-6972e732cfbe3ba00fa057367a78d7924c4f10e36558672d34a85d3eea06eec43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>17β-Estradiol</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Allosteric properties</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</topic><topic>Estradiol</topic><topic>Estrogens</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glutamic acid receptors (ionotropic)</topic><topic>Headache</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Menstrually-related migraine</topic><topic>Menstruation</topic><topic>Migraine</topic><topic>Migraine Disorders</topic><topic>N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neurosteroid</topic><topic>Neurosteroids</topic><topic>Pain Medicine</topic><topic>Pregnanolone</topic><topic>Pregnenolone</topic><topic>Pregnenolone sulfate</topic><topic>Serum levels</topic><topic>Short Report</topic><topic>Steroids</topic><topic>γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rustichelli, Cecilia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bellei, Elisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergamini, Stefania</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monari, Emanuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lo Castro, Flavia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baraldi, Carlo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomasi, Aldo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrari, Anna</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Journal of headache and pain</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rustichelli, Cecilia</au><au>Bellei, Elisa</au><au>Bergamini, Stefania</au><au>Monari, Emanuela</au><au>Lo Castro, Flavia</au><au>Baraldi, Carlo</au><au>Tomasi, Aldo</au><au>Ferrari, Anna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of headache and pain</jtitle><stitle>J Headache Pain</stitle><addtitle>J Headache Pain</addtitle><date>2021-03-23</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>13</spage><epage>6</epage><pages>13-6</pages><artnum>13</artnum><issn>1129-2369</issn><eissn>1129-2377</eissn><abstract>Background
Neurosteroids affect the balance between neuroexcitation and neuroinhibition but have been little studied in migraine. We compared the serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol in women with menstrually-related migraine and controls and analysed if a correlation existed between the levels of the three hormones and history of migraine and age.
Methods
Thirty women (mean age ± SD: 33.5 ± 7.1) with menstrually-related migraine (MM group) and 30 aged- matched controls (mean age ± SD: 30.9 ± 7.9) participated in the exploratory study. Pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone serum levels were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while estradiol levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Serum levels of pregnenolone sulfate and pregnanolone were significantly lower in the MM group than in controls (pregnenolone sulfate:
P
= 0.0328; pregnanolone:
P
= 0.0271, Student’s t-test), while estradiol levels were similar. In MM group, pregnenolone sulfate serum levels were negatively correlated with history of migraine (R
2
= 0.1369;
P
= 0.0482) and age (R
2
= 0.2826,
P
= 0.0025) while pregnenolone sulfate levels were not age-related in the control group (R
2
= 0.04436,
P
= 0.4337, linear regression analysis).
Conclusion
Low levels of both pregnanolone, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and pregnenolone sulfate, a positive allosteric modulator of the NMDA receptor, involved in memory and learning, could contribute either to headache pain or the cognitive dysfunctions reported in migraine patients. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that migraine is a disorder associated with a loss of neurohormonal integrity, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of restoring low neurosteroid levels in migraine treatment.</abstract><cop>Milan</cop><pub>Springer Milan</pub><pmid>33757421</pmid><doi>10.1186/s10194-021-01231-9</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-3995</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1129-2369 |
| ispartof | Journal of headache and pain, 2021-03, Vol.22 (1), p.13-6, Article 13 |
| issn | 1129-2369 1129-2377 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_4810e6def3b248a093bc5a3395dc4483 |
| source | Publicly Available Content Database; Springer Nature - SpringerLink Journals - Fully Open Access ; PubMed Central |
| subjects | 17β-Estradiol Age Aged Allosteric properties Cognitive ability Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Estradiol Estrogens Female Glutamic acid receptors (ionotropic) Headache Humans Internal Medicine Liquid chromatography Mass spectroscopy Medicine Medicine & Public Health Menstrually-related migraine Menstruation Migraine Migraine Disorders N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors Neurology Neurosteroid Neurosteroids Pain Medicine Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Serum levels Short Report Steroids γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptors |
| title | Comparison of pregnenolone sulfate, pregnanolone and estradiol levels between patients with menstrually-related migraine and controls: an exploratory study |
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