Optimal Sizing of Rooftop PV and Battery Storage for Grid-Connected Houses Considering Flat and Time-of-Use Electricity Rates

This paper investigates a comparative study for practical optimal sizing of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for grid-connected houses (GCHs) by considering flat and time-of-use (TOU) electricity rate options. Two system configurations, PV only and PV-BESS,...

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Published in:Energies (Basel) 2021-06, Vol.14 (12), p.3520
Main Authors: Javeed, Iflah, Khezri, Rahmat, Mahmoudi, Amin, Yazdani, Amirmehdi, Shafiullah, G. M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
battery energy storage
Case studies
Comparative studies
Configurations
Constraint modelling
cost of electricity
Electric rates
Electrical loads
Electricity
electricity rates
Energy management
Energy storage
Flat rates
grid-connected household
Houses
optimal sizing
Optimization
Photovoltaics
Power flow
Residential areas
rooftop PV system
Sensitivity analysis
Sizing
Solar energy
Storage systems
Time of use electricity pricing
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Summary:This paper investigates a comparative study for practical optimal sizing of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for grid-connected houses (GCHs) by considering flat and time-of-use (TOU) electricity rate options. Two system configurations, PV only and PV-BESS, were optimally sized by minimizing the net present cost of electricity for four options of electricity rates. A practical model was developed by considering grid constraints, daily supply of charge of electricity, salvation value and degradation of PV and BESS, actual annual data of load and solar, and current market price of components. A rule-based energy management system was examined for GCHs to control the power flow among PV, BESS, load, and grid. Various sensitivity analyses are presented to examine the impacts of grid constraint and electricity rates on the cost of electricity and the sizes of the components. Although the capacity optimization model is generally developed for any case study, a grid-connected house in Australia is considered as the case system in this paper. It is found that the TOU-Flat option for the PV-BESS configuration achieved the lowest NPC compared to other configuration and options. The optimal capacities of rooftop PV and BESS were obtained as 9 kW and 6 kWh, respectively, for the PV-BESS configuration with TOU-Flat according to two performance metrices: net present cost and cost of electricity.
ISSN:1996-1073
1996-1073
DOI:10.3390/en14123520