How Much Attenuation Extinguishes mm-Wave Vertically Pointing Radar Return Signals?

Vertically pointing radars (VPRs) operating at millimeter wavelengths measure the power return from raindrops enabling precipitation retrievals as a function of height. However, as the rain rate increases, there are combinations of rain rate and rain path length that produce sufficient attenuation t...

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Published in:Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-03, Vol.14 (6), p.1305
Main Author: Williams, Christopher R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Atmospheric attenuation
Atmospheric radiation
attenuation
Configuration management
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Estimates
Excavation
extinction cross-section
Millimeter waves
Precipitation
Radar
Radar attenuation
Radar measurement
Rain
raindrop backscattering cross-section
raindrop size distribution
Raindrops
Remote sensing
Signal to noise ratio
Simulation
specific attenuation
T-matrix particle scattering
Wave attenuation
Wavelengths
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description Vertically pointing radars (VPRs) operating at millimeter wavelengths measure the power return from raindrops enabling precipitation retrievals as a function of height. However, as the rain rate increases, there are combinations of rain rate and rain path length that produce sufficient attenuation to prevent the radar from detecting raindrops all the way through rain shafts. This study explores the question: Which rain rate and path length combinations completely extinguish radar return signals for VPRs operating between 3 and 200 GHz? An important step in these simulations is converting attenuated radar reflectivity factor into radar received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order to determine the range where the SNR drops below the receiver detection threshold. Configuring the simulations to mimic a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Mission (ARM) W-band (95 GHz) radar deployed in Brazil, the simulation results indicate that a W-band radar could observe raindrops above 3.5 km only when the rain rate was less than approximately 4 mm h−1. The deployed W-band radar measurements confirm the simulation results with maximum observed heights ranging between 3 and 4.5 km when a surface disdrometer measured 4 mm h−1 rain rate (based on 25-to-75 percentiles from over 25,000 W-band radar profiles). In summary, this study contributes to our understanding of how rain and atmospheric gas attenuation impacts the performance of millimeter-wave VPRs and will help with the design and configuration of multi-frequency VPRs deployed in future field campaigns.
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(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center</creatorcontrib><description>Vertically pointing radars (VPRs) operating at millimeter wavelengths measure the power return from raindrops enabling precipitation retrievals as a function of height. However, as the rain rate increases, there are combinations of rain rate and rain path length that produce sufficient attenuation to prevent the radar from detecting raindrops all the way through rain shafts. This study explores the question: Which rain rate and path length combinations completely extinguish radar return signals for VPRs operating between 3 and 200 GHz? An important step in these simulations is converting attenuated radar reflectivity factor into radar received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order to determine the range where the SNR drops below the receiver detection threshold. Configuring the simulations to mimic a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Mission (ARM) W-band (95 GHz) radar deployed in Brazil, the simulation results indicate that a W-band radar could observe raindrops above 3.5 km only when the rain rate was less than approximately 4 mm h−1. The deployed W-band radar measurements confirm the simulation results with maximum observed heights ranging between 3 and 4.5 km when a surface disdrometer measured 4 mm h−1 rain rate (based on 25-to-75 percentiles from over 25,000 W-band radar profiles). 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(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>How Much Attenuation Extinguishes mm-Wave Vertically Pointing Radar Return Signals?</atitle><jtitle>Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland)</jtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1305</spage><pages>1305-</pages><issn>2072-4292</issn><eissn>2072-4292</eissn><abstract>Vertically pointing radars (VPRs) operating at millimeter wavelengths measure the power return from raindrops enabling precipitation retrievals as a function of height. However, as the rain rate increases, there are combinations of rain rate and rain path length that produce sufficient attenuation to prevent the radar from detecting raindrops all the way through rain shafts. 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subjects Atmospheric attenuation
Atmospheric radiation
attenuation
Configuration management
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Estimates
Excavation
extinction cross-section
Millimeter waves
Precipitation
Radar
Radar attenuation
Radar measurement
Rain
raindrop backscattering cross-section
raindrop size distribution
Raindrops
Remote sensing
Signal to noise ratio
Simulation
specific attenuation
T-matrix particle scattering
Wave attenuation
Wavelengths
title How Much Attenuation Extinguishes mm-Wave Vertically Pointing Radar Return Signals?
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