Salivary Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β, and C-Reactive Protein as a Diagnostic Tool for Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Children

• Published in: Applied sciences 2023-04, Vol.13 (8), p.5046
• Main Authors: Salim, Ayshe, Angelova, Sirma, Roussev, Bogdan, Sokrateva, Todorka, Kiselova-Kaneva, Yoana, Peev, Stefan, Ivanova, Diana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biomarkers; C-reactive protein; Children; Chronic illnesses; Cytokines; Dental plaque; Diagnosis; Disease; Edema; Gingival index; Gingivitis; Gum diseases; IL-1β; IL-1β and CRP; IL-6; Inflammation; Interleukin 6; Interleukins; Oral hygiene; Plaque index; plaque-induced gingivitis; Proteins; Saliva; salivary biomarkers; Sample size; Statistical analysis; Teeth
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app13085046

Plaque-induced gingivitis (PIG) is one of the most widely distributed oral disorders in children. We aimed to identify the diagnostic value of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and c-reactive protein (CRP) in the unstimulated whole saliva of children with different degrees of PIG. The study included 45 healthy children (aged between 4–14 years). The participants were divided into four groups according to their Silness–Löe plaque index and Löe–Silness gingival index. ELISA methods for the quantification of salivary IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP were used. The highest levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP were recorded in the group with severe gingivitis—14.96 pg/mL, 28.94 pg/mL, and 490.0 pg/mL, respectively—significantly exceeding those in the control group (9.506 pg/mL, 16.93 pg/mL and 254.4 pg/mL, respectively). Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, salivary IL-1β and CRP showed good diagnostic accuracy (0.8 ≤ AUC < 0.9) and IL-6 showed fair diagnostic accuracy (0.7 ≤ AUC < 0.8) with statistical significance to distinguish between children with a moderate degree of PIG and those with a severe degree of PIG. Sensitivity for IL-6, CRP, and IL-1β was 87.5% (p < 0.05), 87.5% (p < 0.01), and 75% (p < 0.01), respectively, and specificity was 63.16% (p < 0.05), 78.95% (p < 0.01), 83.33% (p < 0.01), respectively. Based on our results, we suggest salivary IL-1β and CRP as potential diagnostic tools that can be used to differentiate between moderate and severe PIG.