Perturbation Theory Near Degenerate Exceptional Points

• Published in: Symmetry (Basel) 2020-08, Vol.12 (8), p.1309
• Main Author: Znojil, Miloslav
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Approximation; degenerate perturbation theory; Explicit knowledge; Hilbert space; Hilbert-space geometry near EPs; Mathematical analysis; Matrix methods; non-Hermitian quantum dynamics; Perturbation methods; Perturbation theory; Phase transitions; Phenomenology; Physics; Quantum mechanics; Symmetry; unitary vicinity of exceptional points
• ISSN: 2073-8994; 2073-8994
• DOI: 10.3390/sym12081309

In an overall framework of quantum mechanics of unitary systems a rather sophisticated new version of perturbation theory is developed and described. The motivation of such an extension of the list of the currently available perturbation-approximation recipes was four-fold: (1) its need results from the quick growth of interest in quantum systems exhibiting parity-time symmetry (PT-symmetry) and its generalizations; (2) in the context of physics, the necessity of a thorough update of perturbation theory became clear immediately after the identification of a class of quantum phase transitions with the non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies at the Kato’s exceptional points (EP); (3) in the dedicated literature, the EPs are only being studied in the special scenarios characterized by the spectral geometric multiplicity L equal to one; (4) apparently, one of the decisive reasons may be seen in the complicated nature of mathematics behind the L≥2 constructions. In our present paper we show how to overcome the latter, purely technical obstacle. The temporarily forgotten class of the L>1 models is shown accessible to a feasible perturbation-approximation analysis. In particular, an emergence of a counterintuitive connection between the value of L, the structure of the matrix elements of perturbations, and the possible loss of the stability and unitarity of the processes of the unfolding of the singularities is given a detailed explanation.