In vivo and in vitro toxicity profile of tetrabutylammonium bromide and alcohol-based deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as new promising solvents in the field of “green chemistry,” which possess a broad range of potential applications. However, the ecotoxicological profile of these solvents is still poorly known. In this study, ammonium-based deep eutectic solutions with gly...

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Published in:Scientific reports 2023-01, Vol.13 (1), p.1777-1777, Article 1777
Main Authors: Inayat, Shamaila, Ahmad, Sajid Rashid, Awan, Sana Javaid, Nawshad, Muhammad, Ali, Qurban
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
631/326
631/326/22
Ammonium
Animals
Antifreeze solutions
Antimicrobial activity
Cell lines
Cell viability
Deep Eutectic Solvents
Diethylene glycol
Ethanol
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycols
Fourier analysis
Fourier transforms
Glycerol
Glycerol - toxicity
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
Green chemistry
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Infrared spectroscopy
multidisciplinary
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Solvents
Toxicity
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Summary:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as new promising solvents in the field of “green chemistry,” which possess a broad range of potential applications. However, the ecotoxicological profile of these solvents is still poorly known. In this study, ammonium-based deep eutectic solutions with glycerol (2:2), ethylene glycol (1:2), and diethylene glycol (1:2) as hydrogen bond donors in 1:2 proportion were evaluated for their interaction with various biological systems, including gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, fish, and human fibroblast cell lines. The DES synthesis was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, which analyses the interactions between DES precursors for their synthesis. The antimicrobial activity of tetrabutylammonium bromide: ethylene glycol was the most potent, while tetrabutylammonium bromide: diethylene glycol had a higher LC50 against C . carpio fish. Tetrabutylammonium bromide: glycerol was supposed to be the most suitable DES in terms of cell viability percentage (118%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (93%). Finally, tetrabutylammonium bromide in glycerol can be considered an eco-friendly solvent due to its lower toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro environments.
ISSN:2045-2322
2045-2322
DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-28928-y