In vitro Edwardsiella piscicida CK108 Transcriptome Profiles with Subinhibitory Concentrations of Phenol and Formalin Reveal New Insights into Bacterial Pathogenesis Mechanisms

Phenol and formalin are major water pollutants that are frequently discharged into the aquatic milieu. These chemicals can affect broad domains of life, including microorganisms. Aquatic pollutants, unlike terrestrial pollutants, are easily diluted in water environments and exist at a sub-inhibitory...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microorganisms (Basel) 2020-07, Vol.8 (7), p.1068
Main Authors: Yoon, Ju Bin, Hwang, Sungmin, Baek, Se-Won, Lee, Seungki, Bang, Woo Young, Moon, Ki Hwan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amino acids
Aquaculture
Aquatic environment
Aquatic microorganisms
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates
Cell growth
Cellular manufacture
Chemical pollutants
Chemical pollution
Chemicals
Deoxyribonucleic acid
differentially expressed genes
DNA
Edwardsiella piscicida
Enterobacter
Enterobacteriaceae
Fish
fish pathogen
Flagella
Formaldehyde
formalin
Gene expression
Genes
Genetic aspects
Genetic transcription
Genomes
Metabolism
Microorganisms
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Motility
Observations
Pathogenesis
Pathogens
phenol
Phenols
Pili
Pollutants
Pollution control
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
sub-inhibitory concentration
Virulence
Virulence factors
Water pollution
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Summary:Phenol and formalin are major water pollutants that are frequently discharged into the aquatic milieu. These chemicals can affect broad domains of life, including microorganisms. Aquatic pollutants, unlike terrestrial pollutants, are easily diluted in water environments and exist at a sub-inhibitory concentration (sub-IC), thus not directly inhibiting bacterial growth. However, they can modulate gene expression profiles. The sub-IC values of phenol and formalin were measured by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay to be 0.146% (1.3 mM) and 0.0039% (0.38 mM), respectively, in Edwardsiella piscicida CK108, a Gram-negative fish pathogen. We investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEG) by RNA-seq when the cells were exposed to the sub-ICs of phenol and formalin. DEG analyses revealed that genes involved in major virulence factors (type I fimbriae, flagella, type III and type VI secretion system) and various cellular pathways (energy production, amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and two-component regulatory systems) were up- or downregulated by both chemicals. The genome-wide gene expression data corresponded to the results of a quantitative reverse complementary-PCR and motility assay. This study not only provides insight into how a representative fish pathogen, E. piscicida CK108, responds to the sub-ICs of phenol and formalin but also shows the importance of controlling chemical pollutants in aquatic environments.
ISSN:2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8071068