Reinforcement Learning to Optimize Ventilator Settings for Patients on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: Retrospective Study

• Published in: Journal of medical Internet research 2024-10, Vol.26 (12), p.e44494
• Main Authors: Liu, Siqi, Xu, Qianyi, Xu, Zhuoyang, Liu, Zhuo, Sun, Xingzhi, Xie, Guotong, Feng, Mengling, See, Kay Choong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Algorithms; Analysis; Artificial Intelligence; Artificial respiration; Critical care medicine; Critical Illness; Data mining; Evidence-based medicine; Female; Health aspects; Hospital Mortality; Hospital patients; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Lung diseases; Machine Learning; Male; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Methods; Middle Aged; Mortality; Original Paper; Patient education; Quality management; Reinforcement learning (Machine learning); Respiration, Artificial - methods; Retrospective Studies; Technology application; Ventilators, Mechanical - statistics & numerical data
• ISSN: 1438-8871; 1439-4456; 1438-8871
• DOI: 10.2196/44494

One of the significant changes in intensive care medicine over the past 2 decades is the acknowledgment that improper mechanical ventilation settings substantially contribute to pulmonary injury in critically ill patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) solutions can optimize mechanical ventilation settings in intensive care units (ICUs) and improve patient outcomes. Specifically, machine learning algorithms can be trained on large datasets of patient information and mechanical ventilation settings. These algorithms can then predict patient responses to different ventilation strategies and suggest personalized ventilation settings for individual patients. In this study, we aimed to design and evaluate an AI solution that could tailor an optimal ventilator strategy for each critically ill patient who requires mechanical ventilation. We proposed a reinforcement learning-based AI solution using observational data from multiple ICUs in the United States. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of optimal oxygen saturation and the proportion of optimal mean arterial blood pressure. We trained our AI agent to recommend low, medium, and high levels of 3 ventilator settings-positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, and ideal body weight-adjusted tidal volume-according to patients' health conditions. We defined a policy as rules guiding ventilator setting changes given specific clinical scenarios. Off-policy evaluation metrics were applied to evaluate the AI policy. We studied 21,595 and 5105 patients' ICU stays from the e-Intensive Care Unit Collaborative Research (eICU) and Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) databases, respectively. Using the learned AI policy, we estimated the hospital mortality rate (eICU 12.1%, SD 3.1%; MIMIC-IV 29.1%, SD 0.9%), the proportion of optimal oxygen saturation (eICU 58.7%, SD 4.7%; MIMIC-IV 49%, SD 1%), and the proportion of optimal mean arterial blood pressure (eICU 31.1%, SD 4.5%; MIMIC-IV 41.2%, SD 1%). Based on multiple quantitative and qualitative evaluation metrics, our proposed AI solution outperformed observed clinical practice. Our study found that customizing ventilation settings for individual patients led to lower estimated hospital mortality rates compared to actual rates. This highlights the potential effectiveness of using reinforcement learning methodology to develop AI models that analyze complex clinical data for optimizing treatm