Nanomedicine for the SARS-CoV-2: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

• Published in: International journal of nanomedicine 2021-01, Vol.16, p.539-560
• Main Authors: Varahachalam, Sree Pooja, Lahooti, Behnaz, Chamaneh, Masoumeh, Bagchi, Sounak, Chhibber, Tanya, Morris, Kevin, Bolanos, Joe F, Kim, Nam-Young, Kaushik, Ajeet
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Antibodies; Antiviral agents; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use; B cells; China; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 - therapy; COVID-19 - virology; Development and progression; Disease susceptibility; drug delivery; Drug delivery systems; Drugs; Epidemics; Homeopathy; Humans; Infection; Materia medica and therapeutics; nanomedicine; Nanomedicine - trends; Nanotechnology; Pandemics; Pandemics - prevention & control; personalized covid-19 management; Prevention; Review; RNA; SARS-CoV-2 - drug effects; SARS-CoV-2 - physiology; sars-cov-2 viral infcetion; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Therapeutics; Vaccines; Vehicles; Vietnam; Viral antibodies; Virus diseases; Viruses
• ISSN: 1178-2013; 1176-9114; 1178-2013
• DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S283686

The newly emerged ribonucleic acid (RNA) enveloped human beta-coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection caused the COVID-19 pandemic, severely affects the respiratory system, and may lead to death. Lacking effective diagnostics and therapies made this pandemic challenging to manage since the SARS-CoV-2 transmits via human-to-human, enters via ACE2 and TMPSSR2 receptors, and damages organs rich in host cells, spreads via symptomatic carriers and is prominent in an immune-compromised population. New SARS-CoV-2 informatics (structure, strains, like-cycles, functional sites) motivated bio-pharma experts to investigate novel therapeutic agents that act to recognize, inhibit, and knockdown combinations of drugs, vaccines, and antibodies, have been optimized to manage COVID-19. However, successful targeted delivery of these agents to avoid off-targeting and unnecessary drug ingestion is very challenging. To overcome these obstacles, this mini-review projects nanomedicine technology, a pharmacologically relevant cargo of size within 10 to 200 nm, for site-specific delivery of a therapeutic agent to recognize and eradicate the SARS-CoV-2, and improving the human immune system. Such combinational therapy based on compartmentalization controls the delivery and releases of a drug optimized based on patient genomic profile and medical history. Nanotechnology could help combat COVID-19 via various methods such as avoiding viral contamination and spraying by developing personal protective equipment (PPE) to increase the protection of healthcare workers and produce effective antiviral disinfectants surface coatings capable of inactivating and preventing the virus from spreading. To quickly recognize the infection or immunological response, design highly accurate and sensitive nano-based sensors. Development of new drugs with improved activity, reduced toxicity, and sustained release to the lungs, as well as tissue targets; and development of nano-based immunizations to improve humoral and cellular immune responses. The desired and controlled features of suggested personalized therapeutics, nanomedicine, is a potential therapy to manage COVID-19 successfully. The state-of-the-art nanomedicine, challenges, and prospects of nanomedicine are carefully and critically discussed in this report, which may serve as a key platform for scholars to investigate the role of nanomedicine for higher efficacy to manage the COVID-19 pandemic.