Signal-to-noise ratio uniformity and stability of agar gel phantom with iron (III) oxide as relaxation modifier

• Published in: Beni-Suef University journal of basic and applied sciences 2021-11, Vol.10 (1), p.84-13, Article 84
• Main Authors: Er, W. X., Lim, W. J., Dwihapsari, Y., Awang, M. N. A., Yusoff, A. N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agar gel; Biomarkers; Ferric oxide; Iron; Iron (III) oxide; Magnetic fields; Magnetic resonance imaging; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Moisture content; Polyvinyl alcohol; Powder; Relaxation time; Signal to noise ratio; Stability; Stability analysis; Uniformity; Values; Water content
• ISSN: 2314-8543; 2314-8535; 2314-8543
• DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00173-0

Background Agar has been commonly used as one of the materials to fabricate magnetic resonance imaging phantoms in the past few decades. In this study, eleven agar gel phantoms with different iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) masses were prepared. This study was aimed to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) uniformity and stability of agar gel phantoms with and without the addition of Fe 2 O 3 at two different time points (TPs). Fe 2 O 3 powder was used as a relaxation modifier to manipulate and produce various SNR, T1 and T2 values. These phantoms were scanned using turbo spin echo pulse sequence to produce T1- and T2-measurement images. The SNR was then computed by plotting 1, 3 and 25 regions of interest on the images using ImageJ software. The T1 and T2 relaxation equations were then fitted to the experimental results of SNR versus TR and SNR versus TE curves for the determination of saturation (SNR o ), T1 and T2 values. Results The results demonstrated that the agar gel phantoms were able to maintain SNR uniformity but not SNR stability after 4 weeks of phantom preparation. The change in the water content and microstructure of the phantoms have no significant effect on T2 relaxation but on T1 relaxation. The T1 and T2 of the agar gel phantoms were minimally affected although there was a systemic increase in the content of the Fe 2 O 3 powder. Conclusions It can be concluded that the agar gel phantoms exhibited the characteristics of SNR uniformity, but they showed instability of SNR at TP2. The Fe 2 O 3 in powder form is not an effective relaxation modifier to reduce the T1 and T2 when it is introduced into the agar gel phantoms. Dissolved nanosized particles should be the focus of future studies.