A Time Delay Calibration Technique for Improving Broadband Lightning Interferometer Locating

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-05, Vol.15 (11), p.2817
• Main Authors: Liu, Hengyi, Wang, Daohong, Dong, Wansheng, Lyu, Weitao, Wu, Bin, Qi, Qi, Ma, Ying, Chen, Lyuwen, Gao, Yan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accuracy; Analysis; Antennas; Broadband; broadband interferometer; Broadband transmission; Calibration; Correlation coefficient; Correlation coefficients; Data analysis; Information management; interferometer; Interferometers; Lightning; lightning locating; Methods; Optical instruments; Quality control; Radiation; Remote sensing; Signal strength; Stability analysis; Statistical analysis; Time lag; Wavelet transforms
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15112817

This article introduces a time delay calibration technique designed for processing broadband lightning interferometer data with the aim of solving the problem of increased noises in the location results when reducing the length of the data analysis window. The locating performances using three analysis window lengths, 1024 ns, 256 ns, and 128 ns, were compared and analyzed using a cloud-to-ground lightning record as an example. Without using the time delay calibration, the locating noises significantly increased as the length of the analysis window decreased. After the calibration, the problem was solved. Using statistical analysis of the least squares residuals and the signal correlation coefficients within the analysis windows, it was found that overall, there was no significant change in the distribution of residuals after using the time delay calibration method, but the correlation coefficients were significantly improved. The results indicate that the time delay calibration technique can improve the correlation of signals within the analysis window, thereby greatly reducing the ineffective locating results generated after narrowing down the analysis window. The article also analyzed the locating results, as well as the correlation coefficients and signal strength characteristics at the analysis window of 32 ns, the smallest ever reported before. Even at such a small window, the time delay calibration method can still ensure computational stability. The relevant analysis suggests that according to data usage, the correlation coefficient can be flexibly used as a quality control condition of the located results.