Biomarkers and Seaweed-Based Nutritional Interventions in Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

• Published in: Marine drugs 2024-12, Vol.22 (12), p.550
• Main Authors: Valado, Ana, Cunha, Margarida, Pereira, Leonel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adiponectin; Algae; Animals; Antioxidants; Apolipoprotein B; Apolipoproteins; Bioactive compounds; Biological markers; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; Blood pressure; Body fat; Body weight loss; C-reactive protein; cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cholesterol; Cytokines; Development and progression; Diabetes; Disease resistance; Dyslipidemia; Fatty acids; Gene expression; Glucose; Heart diseases; High density lipoprotein; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypertension; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Interleukin 6; Interleukins; Kinases; Leptin; Lipids; Lipoproteins; marine algae; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - diet therapy; MicroRNA; MicroRNAs; miRNA; Necrosis; Nucleic acids; Obesity; Oxidation; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Pathophysiology; Peroxides; Plasminogen activator inhibitors; Proteins; Resistance factors; Review; Risk factors; Seaweed; Seaweeds; therapy; Triglycerides; Tumor necrosis factor; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Type 2 diabetes; Uric acid; Weight loss; γ-Glutamyltransferase
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/md22120550

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide. Early identification and effective monitoring of MetS is crucial for preventing serious cardiovascular complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various biomarkers associated with MetS, including lipid profile markers (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) ratio), inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin/adiponectin ratio, omentin and fetuin-A/adiponectin ratio), oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxides, protein and nucleic acid oxidation, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid) and microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-15a-5p, miR5-17-5p and miR-24-3p. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of biomarkers in MetS and the need for advancements in their identification and use for improving prevention and treatment. Seaweed therapy is also discussed as a significant intervention for MetS due to its rich content of fiber, antioxidants, minerals and bioactive compounds, which help improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, making it a promising nutritional strategy for managing metabolic and cardiovascular health.