Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Epidemic Forecasting during Hajj Seasons in Saudi Arabia

The religious pilgrimage of Hajj is one of the largest annual gatherings in the world. Every year approximately three million pilgrims travel from all over the world to perform Hajj in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The high population density of pilgrims in confined settings throughout the Hajj rituals can...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Information (Basel) 2021-08, Vol.12 (8), p.325
Main Authors: Alshammari, Sultanah Mohammed, Ba-Aoum, Mohammed Hassan, Alganmi, Nofe Ateq, Allinjawi, Arwa AbdulAziz
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agent-based models
Calendars
Coronaviruses
COVID-19 vaccines
Disease control
Disease prevention
Disease transmission
Epidemics
Forecasting
Hajj
Health surveillance
Immunization
Infectious diseases
mass gatherings
Mathematical models
modeling
Pandemics
Pilgrimages
Pilgrims
Population density
Public health
Regions
Religion
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Simulation
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Summary:The religious pilgrimage of Hajj is one of the largest annual gatherings in the world. Every year approximately three million pilgrims travel from all over the world to perform Hajj in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The high population density of pilgrims in confined settings throughout the Hajj rituals can facilitate infectious disease transmission among the pilgrims and their contacts. Infected pilgrims may enter Mecca without being detected and potentially transmit the disease to other pilgrims. Upon returning home, infected international pilgrims may introduce the disease into their home countries, causing a further spread of the disease. Computational modeling and simulation of social mixing and disease transmission between pilgrims can enhance the prevention of potential epidemics. Computational epidemic models can help public health authorities predict the risk of disease outbreaks and implement necessary intervention measures before or during the Hajj season. In this study, we proposed a conceptual agent-based simulation framework that integrates agent-based modeling to simulate disease transmission during the Hajj season from the arrival of the international pilgrims to their departure. The epidemic forecasting system provides a simulation of the phases and rituals of Hajj following their actual sequence to capture and assess the impact of each stage in the Hajj on the disease dynamics. The proposed framework can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different public health interventions that can be implemented during the Hajj, including size restriction and screening at entry points.
ISSN:2078-2489
2078-2489
DOI:10.3390/info12080325