D-Net: A Density-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds Classification in Urban Areas

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-04, Vol.15 (9), p.2317
• Main Authors: Zaboli, Mahdiye, Rastiveis, Heidar, Hosseiny, Benyamin, Shokri, Danesh, Sarasua, Wayne A., Homayouni, Saeid
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Analysis; Artificial neural networks; automated object detection; Automation; Classification; Datasets; Deep learning; Density; Digital twins; Geospatial data; Image segmentation; Inhomogeneity; Lidar; Machine learning; Methods; Metropolitan areas; mobile laser scanning; Neural networks; Object recognition; Optical radar; Permutations; point cloud classification; Remote sensing; Robustness; Semantic segmentation; Semantics; Three dimensional models; Urban areas; voxelization
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15092317

The 3D semantic segmentation of a LiDAR point cloud is essential for various complex infrastructure analyses such as roadway monitoring, digital twin, or even smart city development. Different geometric and radiometric descriptors or diverse combinations of point descriptors can extract objects from LiDAR data through classification. However, the irregular structure of the point cloud is a typical descriptor learning problem—how to consider each point and its surroundings in an appropriate structure for descriptor extraction? In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have received much attention for automatic segmentation and classification. Previous studies demonstrated deep learning models’ high potential and robust performance for classifying complicated point clouds and permutation invariance. Nevertheless, such algorithms still extract descriptors from independent points without investigating the deep descriptor relationship between the center point and its neighbors. This paper proposes a robust and efficient CNN-based framework named D-Net for automatically classifying a mobile laser scanning (MLS) point cloud in urban areas. Initially, the point cloud is converted into a regular voxelized structure during a preprocessing step. This helps to overcome the challenge of irregularity and inhomogeneity. A density value is assigned to each voxel that describes the point distribution within the voxel’s location. Then, by training the designed CNN classifier, each point will receive the label of its corresponding voxel. The performance of the proposed D-Net method was tested using a point cloud dataset in an urban area. Our results demonstrated a relatively high level of performance with an overall accuracy (OA) of about 98% and precision, recall, and F1 scores of over 92%.