Association and Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

• Published in: Diseases 2021-12, Vol.9 (4), p.88
• Main Authors: Mitra, Amal K, Bhuiyan, Azad R, Jones, Elizabeth A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: age; Alcoholism; Apnea; Asthma; Blood pressure; Body weight; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cerebral infarction; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Congestive heart failure; Coronary artery disease; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Drug abuse; Embolism; Epidemiology; Eye movements; Heart failure; Hyperlipidemia; Hypertension; Kidney diseases; Myocardial infarction; Obesity; Oxygen; Population; Researchers; Review; Risk factors; Sleep; Sleep and wakefulness; Sleep apnea; Sleep disorders; Stroke; Systematic review; Thyroid diseases
• ISSN: 2079-9721; 2079-9721
• DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040088

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. Epidemiologic studies show that sleep apnea increases cardiovascular diseases risk factors including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. OSA is also responsible for serious illnesses such as congestive heart failure, stroke, arrhythmias, and bronchial asthma. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate evidence for the association between OSA and cardiovascular disease morbidities and identify risk factors for the conditions. In a review of 34 studies conducted in 28 countries with a sample of 37,599 people, several comorbidities were identified in patients with severe OSA-these were: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, asthma, COPD, acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, hyperlipidemia, thyroid disease, cerebral infarct or embolism, myocardial infarction, and psychological comorbidities including stress and depression. Important risk factors contributing to OSA included: age > 35 years; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m ; alcoholism; higher Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS); mean apnea duration; oxygen desaturation index (ODI); and nocturnal oxygen desaturation (NOD). Severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) was significantly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and oxygen desaturation index. The risk of OSA and associated disease morbidities can be reduced by controlling overweight/obesity, alcoholism, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.