Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chloroplast Ultrastructure Responses of Citrus Leaves to Copper Toxicity Induced by Bordeaux Mixture in Greenhouse

Bordeaux mixture (Bm) is a copper (Cu)-based pesticide that has been widely used for controlling citrus scab and citrus canker. However, frequent spraying of Bm is toxic to citrus. To our knowledge, few studies are available that discuss how the photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrast...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-09, Vol.23 (17), p.9835
Main Authors: Lu, Fei, Hu, Pingping, Lin, Meilan, Ye, Xin, Chen, Lisong, Huang, Zengrong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Absorption
Antioxidants
Bordeaux mixture
Canker
Chloroplasts
citrus
Citrus grandis
Citrus sinensis
Cu toxicity
Deionization
Efficiency
Electron transfer
Enzymatic activity
Enzymes
Fruits
Fungicides
Leaves
Mixtures
Pesticides
Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic pigments
Pigments
Seedlings
Spraying
Toxicity
Ultrastructure
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Summary:Bordeaux mixture (Bm) is a copper (Cu)-based pesticide that has been widely used for controlling citrus scab and citrus canker. However, frequent spraying of Bm is toxic to citrus. To our knowledge, few studies are available that discuss how the photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of citrus leaves are affected by Cu toxicity induced by excessive Bm. In the study, two-year-old seedlings of Citrus grandis (C. grandis) and Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis), which were precultured in pots, were foliar-sprayed with deionized water (as control) or Bm diluted 500-fold at intervals of 7 days for 6 times (4 times as recommended by the manufacturer) to investigate the leaf Cu absorption, photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Bm foliar-sprayed 6 times on citrus seedlings increased the leaf Cu content, decreased the photosynthetic pigments content and destroyed the chloroplast ultrastructure, which induced leaf chlorosis and photosynthetic inhibition. A lower Cu absorption, a higher light photon-electron transfer efficiency, a relative integrity of chloroplast ultrastructure and a promoted antioxidant protection contributed to a higher photosynthetic activity of C. grandis than C. sinensis under excessive spraying of Bm. The present study provides crucial references for screening and selecting citrus species with a higher tolerance to Cu toxicity induced by excessive Bm.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23179835