Sex-Specific Differences in Lysine, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetic Acid in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet, Independent of Diet

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-09, Vol.22 (19), p.10223
• Main Authors: Shrestha, Nirajan, Melvin, Steven D, McKeating, Daniel R, Holland, Olivia J, Cuffe, James S M, Perkins, Anthony V, McAinch, Andrew J, Hryciw, Deanne H
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid - blood; Acetic acid; Acetic Acid - blood; Adult Children; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biomarkers; Body mass index; Clustering; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Discriminant analysis; Disease; Fatty acids; Female; Females; Gender differences; Histocompatibility antigen HLA; Inflammation; Lactation; Linoleic acid; Linoleic Acid - administration & dosage; Lysine; Lysine - blood; Male; Males; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Metabolic disorders; metabolite; Metabolites; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Nutrition research; offspring; Oxidative stress; Plasma; Plasma - chemistry; Plasma - metabolism; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - blood; Principal Component Analysis; Principal components analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; ROC Curve; sex; Sex Characteristics; Sexes; Womens health
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910223

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is required for foetal growth and development. Excess intake of LA can be detrimental for metabolic health due to its pro-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of a diet high in LA on offspring metabolites is unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of maternal or postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diet on plasma metabolites in adult offspring. Female Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed with either low LA (LLA) or HLA diet for 10 weeks prior to conception and during gestation/lactation. Offspring were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25), treated with either LLA or HLA diets and sacrificed at PN180. Metabolite analysis was performed in plasma samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Maternal and postnatal HLA diet did not alter plasma metabolites in male and female adult offspring. There was no specific clustering among different treatment groups as demonstrated by principal component analysis. Interestingly, there was clustering among male and female offspring independent of maternal and postnatal dietary intervention. Lysine was higher in female offspring, while 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetic acid were significantly higher in male offspring. In summary, maternal or postnatal HLA diet did not alter the plasma metabolites in the adult rat offspring; however, differences in metabolites between male and female offspring occurred independently of dietary intervention.