A Review of Microgrid-Based Approach to Rural Electrification in South Africa: Architecture and Policy Framework

• Published in: Energies (Basel) 2020-05, Vol.13 (9), p.2193
• Main Authors: Motjoadi, Vinny, Bokoro, Pitshou N., Onibonoje, Moses O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alternative energy sources; Carbon dioxide; Coal-fired power plants; Decision making; Distributed generation; Distribution costs; Economic activity; Electric power demand; Electricity; Electricity distribution; Electrification; energy demand; Energy industry; Energy storage; energy storage systems; grid architecture; Industrial plant emissions; Low income groups; microgrids; policy framework; Power supply; Renewable resources; Rural areas; Rural communities; Security; Storage systems; Stress concentration; Technology
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en13092193

Access to electricity for every South African citizen, including rural dwellers, is a human right issue guaranteed by the government’s laws and policies. However, many remote rural areas still suffer from a lack of this very important amenity, due to the expensive prospect of connecting them to the central national grid. The feasible approach to connecting the rural communities to electricity supply is suggestively through the use of microgrid solutions. The microgrid technology is a very recent and viable option for the energy revolution. Microgrids result from the incorporation of energy storage systems, distributed generators, and localized loads. The application of this technology requires deliberate and extensive work on the operational architecture and the policy framework to be adopted. The energy storage devices form an integral part of the microgrid configuration or architecture to make sure more maintainable and constant operation is attained. This paper presents a review of the architectures of the existing microgrid systems, as well as the policy framework for implementable solutions. The various architectures display the peculiarity of the systems based on the increased grid performance, stability, quality of electricity, and other comparative advantages. The microgrid architectures are fundamentally recognized according to their AC, DC, or hybrid distribution buses and the complexity inherent to them. In the Policy And Development Section, the problems are treated as ‘a search for the truth’—a truth being revealed by close and objective examination. The core of the problem to be solved is revealed clearly, thereby giving the basis for simplifying and solving it. The policies encourage the accomplishment of a zero-carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, energy security attainment, the meeting of the electricity demand, and, lastly, the promotion of access to electricity in rural areas. It is established that the returns through charges of the consumers are very insignificant. Although returns on investment always come in conflict with the human right demands of the local indigenes, the policy framework would be explicit on the mode of returns for the government, private partners, and the communities—a return that can be short, medium, or long term. Policymakers would be keen on the exhaustive analysis of issues, leading to optimal decision making.