Understanding Immune Responses to Viruses-Do Underlying Th1/Th2 Cell Biases Predict Outcome?

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases have increased in number and geographical extent during the last decades. Examples include the current COVID-19 pandemic and the recent epidemics of the Chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika viruses. Immune responses to viruses have been well-characterised within the i...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Viruses 2022-07, Vol.14 (7), p.1493
Main Authors: Howard, Faith H N, Kwan, Amy, Winder, Natalie, Mughal, Amina, Collado-Rojas, Cristal, Muthana, Munitta
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptive immunity
Antigens
Bias
biomarkers
COVID-19
Cytotoxicity
Development and progression
Disease
Ethnicity
Health aspects
Helper cells
Homeostasis
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
immunity
Immunity, Innate
Immunological research
Immunology
Infections
Lymphocytes T
Mutation
Pandemics
Pathogenesis
Physiological aspects
Prevention
Review
Risk factors
T cells
Th2 Cells
Viral diseases
Viral infections
virotherapy
Virus Diseases
Viruses
Zika Virus
Zika Virus Infection
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Summary:Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases have increased in number and geographical extent during the last decades. Examples include the current COVID-19 pandemic and the recent epidemics of the Chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika viruses. Immune responses to viruses have been well-characterised within the innate and adaptive immunity pathways with the outcome following viral infection predominantly attributed to properties of the virus and circumstances of the infection. Perhaps the belief that the immune system is often considered as a reactive component of host defence, springing into action when a threat is detected, has contributed to a poorer understanding of the inherent differences in an individual's immune system in the absence of any pathology. In this review, we focus on how these host factors (age, ethnicity, underlying pathologies) may skew the T helper cell response, thereby influencing the outcome following viral infection but also whether we can use these inherent biases to predict patients at risk of a deviant response and apply strategies to avoid or overcome them.
ISSN:1999-4915
1999-4915
DOI:10.3390/v14071493